Notes in 2. Physiology

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	02/10/2024	The process of {{c2::Filtration}} in the Kidneys results in the formation of an essentially {{c1::protein}}-free filtrate of plasma at the glomer…
Published	02/10/2024	The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) = {{c1::180}} l/day
Published	02/10/2024	The basic renal processes are:{{c1::Filtration}} ‒ {{c1::Reabsorption}} ‒ {{c1::Secretion}}
Published	02/10/2024	The process of {{c1::Reabsorption}} in the Kidneys is when there are substances that the body wants reabsorbed, those it doesn’t want in the tubule ar…
Published	02/10/2024	The process of {{c1::Secretion}} in the Kidneys is when there are substances that may be specifically removed from the body
Published	02/10/2024	Kidneys receive a blood flow of {{c1::1200}} mls/min, i.e. 20-25% of total cardiac output
Published	02/10/2024	Glomerular Filtration is dependent on the balance between the {{c1::hydrostatic}} forces favouring {{c2::filtration}} and the {{c1::oncotic}…
Published	02/10/2024	The filtration fraction is {{c1::19}} %
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Molecular size}}, {{c1::electrical charge}} and {{c1::shape}} determine the filterability of solutes across the glomerular filtration barrier
Published	02/10/2024	The components of the renal filtration membrane:[1] {{c1::Fenestration of glomerular endothelial cell}}[2] {{c1::Basal lamina of glomerulus}}[3] {{c1:…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Fenestration}} of glomerular endothelial cell prevents filtration of {{c2::blood cells}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Basal lamina}} of glomerulus prevents filtration of {{c2::large proteins}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Slit membrane}} between pedicels prevents filtration of {{c2::medium-sized proteins}}
Published	02/10/2024	The afferent arteriole is {{c1::short}} and {{c1::wide}} and offers {{c2::little}} resistance to flow
Published	02/10/2024	The efferent arteriole is {{c1::long}} and {{c1::narrow}} and offers a {{c2::high}} post-capillary resistance
Published	02/10/2024	The glomerular capillary pressure PGC is higher than most of the capillaries in the body because the afferent arteriole is {{c1::short}} and…
Published	02/10/2024	If you have a high resistance, hydrostatic pressure upstream is {{c1::increased}}, while the pressure downstream is {{c1::decreased}}.
Published	02/10/2024	At the glomerular capillaries the {{c1::hydrostatic}} pressure favouring filtration always exceeds the {{c1::oncotic}} pressure→ This is why ONLY filt…
Published	02/10/2024	The primary factor affecting glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is PGC which is dependent on the {{c1::diameter}} of the afferent and efferent…
Published	02/10/2024	The diameter and resistance of the renal afferent and efferent arterioles are subject to extrinsic control via:a) {{c1::Sympathetic nerves}} → af…
Published	02/10/2024	Renal vasculature exhibits an intrinsic ability to adjust resistance to maintain BF and GFR, known as {{c1::autoregulation}}
Published	02/10/2024	Only {{c1::20}}% of the plasma fluid is filtered at one go and {{c1::19}}% of the fluid is reabsorbed
Published	02/10/2024	The pressure of the peritubular capillaries is around {{c1::15}} mmHg
Published	02/10/2024	Only filtration occurs at glomerular capillaries but in the peritubular capillaries the processes of {{c1::reabsorption}} and {{c1::secretion}} occur
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Oncotic}} pressure is higher than {{c1::hydrostatic}} pressure in the peritubular capillaries due to loss of 20% of plasma volume which increase…
Published	02/10/2024	Carriers have a {{c1::maximum transport capacity Tm}} which is due to saturation of the carriers. → carrier mediated transport systems&…
Published	02/10/2024	The threshold of plasma glucose reabsorption is up to {{c1::10}} mmol/l above that it will be excreted in the urine.
Published	02/10/2024	The presence of glucose in the urine of diabetic patients is due to failure of {{c1::insulin}} hormone, NOT, the {{c1::kidney}} organ.
Published	02/10/2024	Kidney regulates {{c1::sulphate}} and {{c1::phosphate}} ions by means of the Tm mechanism.
Published	02/10/2024	Phosphate is subject to {{c1::parathyroid}} hormone regulation.
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::65-75}}% of Na+ and water reabsorption by secondary active transport in the kidney occurs in the {{c2::PCT}}.
Published	02/10/2024	When Na+ is reabsorbed by active transport, the [Solutes] {{c1::increase}} as fluid volume {{c1::decreases}}
Published	02/10/2024	Tubule membrane is only {{c1::moderately}} permeable to urea, so that only about 50% is reabsorbed, the remainder stays in the tubule.
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Glucose}} and {{c1::Amino acids}} are carried passively with active transport of Na+ using a symport carrierKnown as a {{c1::secondary acti…
Published	02/10/2024	Substances like {{c1::penicillin}}, {{c1::aspirin}} are secreted into the PTC.
Published	02/10/2024	If potassium is above {{c1::5.5}} mmol/l ‒ leads to hyperkalaemia
Published	02/10/2024	If potassium is below {{c1::3.5}} mmol/l ‒ leads to hypokalaemia
Published	02/10/2024	Changes in K+ {{c1::excretion}} are due to changes in its {{c2::secretion}} in the distal parts of the tubule
Published	02/10/2024	K+ secretion is regulated by the adrenal cortical hormone {{c1::aldosterone}}.
Published	02/10/2024	The fluid that leaves the proximal tubule is isosmotic with plasma i.e. {{c1::300}} mOsmoles/l
Published	02/10/2024	Maximum concentration of urine that can be produced by the human kidney = {{c1::1200-1400}} mOsmoles/l
Published	02/10/2024	The urea, sulphate, phosphate, other waste products and non-waste ions (Na+ and K+) which must be excreted each day amount to {{c1::600}} mOsmole…
Published	02/10/2024	The main action of the loops of Henle is the {{c1::counter-current multiplier}} mechanism
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::ascending}} limb of the loop of Henle actively co-transports Na+ and Cl- from {{c2::tubule lumen}} into the {{c2::interstitium}}
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::ascending}} limb is {{c2::impermeable}} to H2O
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::descending}} limb is {{c2::impermeable}} to NaCl
Published	02/10/2024	H2O does not stay in the interstitium around Loop of Henle, but is reabsorbed by the high oncotic pressure and tissue pressure into the {{c1::vas…
Published	02/10/2024	The fluid in the tubule is progressively {{c1::concentrated}} as it moves down the descending limb and progressively {{c1::diluted}} as it moves up th…
Published	02/10/2024	Usage of a drug called {{c1::loop diuretic e.g. furosemide}} causes production of only isotonic urine
Published	02/10/2024	The significance of the countercurrent multiplier mechanism is that it creates an increasingly {{c1::concentrated gradient}} in the int…
Published	02/10/2024	The countercurrent multiplier mechanism leads to the delivery of {{c1::hypotonic}} fluid to the DCT
Published	02/10/2024	The countercurrent multiplier mechanism works to {{c1::concentrate}} the medullary intersititum and deliver {{c1::hypotonic}} fluid to the DCT.
Published	02/10/2024	The purpose of the {{c2::vasa recta}} is to act as {{c1::countercurrent exchangers}} to maintain the medullary interstitial gradient created by the co…
Published	02/10/2024	The flow rate through the vasa recta is very {{c1::low/sluggish}} so that there is time for equilibration to occur with the interstitium.
Published	02/10/2024	The vasa recta maintains the {{c1::medullary interstital gradient}} and provides {{c1::O2}} for renal tissues
Published	02/10/2024	The site of water regulation is the Collecting duct, whose permeability is under the control of {{c1::ADH}}→ determines concentration of urine and to …
Published	02/10/2024	ADH is synthesized in the {{c1::supraoptic (SO)}} and {{c1::paraventricular (PVN)}} nuclei of the hypothalamus
Published	02/10/2024	A {{c1::decrease}} in ECF osmolality causes a {{c2::decrease}} in ADH secretion mediated by osmoreceptors
Published	02/10/2024	Osmoreceptors are found in the {{c1::anterior}} hypothalamus while the thirst centre is found in the {{c1::lateral}} hypothalamus
Published	02/10/2024	Normal plasma osmolality is {{c1::280-290}} mOsm/kg
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::10}} times increase in [ADH] for a 2.5% increase in osmolality
Published	02/10/2024	An increase in osmolarity that does not cause an increase in {{c1::tonicity}} is ineffective in causing a rise in [ADH].
Published	02/10/2024	The amount of urine produced depends on the {{c1::[ADH]}} and the amount of {{c1::solute}} to be excreted
Published	02/10/2024	ADH increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to H2O by incorporating {{c1::aquaporins}} into the luminal membrane
Published	02/10/2024	If maximum {{c1::ADH}} is present then the content of the collecting duct {{c2::equilibrates}} with that of the medullary interstitium via osmotic eff…
Published	02/10/2024	With maximal [ADH] present, the urine is {{c1::highly}} concentrated with a {{c1::small}} volume, compensating for water deficit.
Published	02/10/2024	With [ADH] absent, the urine is {{c1::lowly}} concentrated with a {{c1::large}} volume, compensating for H2O excess.
Published	02/10/2024	In the absence of ADH collecting ducts are {{c1::impermeable}} to H2O
Published	02/10/2024	If {{c1::ADH}} is absent then the content of the collecting duct fails to {{c2::equilibrate}} with the medullary interstitial gradient and it is ineff…
Published	02/10/2024	If ADH is absent then the urine osmolarity can fall to {{c1::30}}-{{c1::50}} mOsm/l
Published	02/10/2024	If maximum ADH is present then the urine osmolarity can go up to {{c1::1200}} mOsm/l
Published	02/10/2024	During high levels of ADH, some of the {{c1::urea}} is absorbed at the end of the collecting duct and recycled to reinforce the medullary interstital …
Published	02/10/2024	There is an {{c1::inverse}} relation between ECF volume and ADH secretion
Published	02/10/2024	There is an {{c1::inverse}} relationship between the rate of ADH secretion and the rate of discharge of stretch receptor afferents in the low and high…
Published	02/10/2024	Low pressure receptors are located in the {{c1::atria}} and {{c1::great veins}}
Published	02/10/2024	High pressure receptors are the {{c1::carotid}} and {{c1::aortic arch}} baroreceptors
Published	02/10/2024	A {{c1::moderate}} decrease in ECF volume lowers {{c2::atrial}} receptor discharge which increases ADH secretion
Published	02/10/2024	A {{c1::high}} decrease in ECF volume that decreases the BP lowers {{c2::carotid/aortic}} receptor discharge which increases ADH secretion
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Alcohol}} causes suppression of ADH release which is why you pee a lot when you drink a lot.
Published	02/10/2024	Volume of fluid that passes by Bowman's capsule is {{c1::180}} L/day with an Osmolarity of {{c1::300}} mOsm
Published	02/10/2024	Volume of fluid that passes by the end of proximal tubule is {{c1::54}} L/day with an Osmolarity of {{c1::300}} mOsm
Published	02/10/2024	Volume of fluid that passes by the end of loop of Henle is {{c1::18}} L/day with an Osmolarity of {{c1::100}} mOsm
Published	02/10/2024	Volume of fluid that passes by the end of collecting duct as urine is {{c1::1.5}} L/day with an Osmolarity of {{c1::50}}-{{c1::1200}} mOsm
Published	02/10/2024	One of the most important aspects of the ECF regulated by the kidney is its {{c1::volume}}.
Published	02/10/2024	The distribution of TBW between cells and ECF is determined by the number of {{c1::osmotically active particles}} in each compartment.
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Na+}} and {{c1::Cl-}} are the major {{c2::ECF}} osmoles.
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::K+}} salts are the major {{c2::ICF}} osmoles.
Published	02/10/2024	Regulation of ECF volume = Regulation of body {{c1::Na+}}
Published	02/10/2024	TBW = {{c1::60}} % or {{c1::42}} L
Published	02/10/2024	ECF makes up {{c1::1/3}} of the TBW i.e. {{c1::14}} L
Published	02/10/2024	ICF makes up {{c1::2/3}} of the TBW i.e. {{c1::28}} L
Published	02/10/2024	ECF (14L) is made up of {{c1::plasma ‒ 3L}} and {{c1::ISF ‒ 11L}}
Published	02/10/2024	When there's a ↓ in ECF volume (hypovolaemia), sympathetic inhibition via carotid sinus baroreceptors is {{c1::decreased}}, leading to {{c2::vasoconst…
Published	02/10/2024	When there's a ↓ in ECF volume (hypovolaemia), both atrial and carotid sinus baroreceptors increase the secretion of {{c1::ADH}} from the posteri…
Published	02/10/2024	When there's a ↓ in ECF volume (hypovolaemia), sympathetic activation due to carotid sinus baroreceptor discharge causes the activation of the {{…
Published	02/10/2024	The body tries to counteract low BP by activating the {{c1::Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-ADH System (R.A.A.A.S)}} and via the action of {{c1::atrial …
Published	02/10/2024	In the RAAAS, {{c2::JG cells}} release {{c1::Renin}}, {{c2::Liver}} releases {{c1::Angiotensinogen}}, {{c2::Pulmonary and Vascular Endothelium}} …
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Angiotensinogen}} → {{c1::Angiotensin I}} under effect of {{c2::Renin}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Angiotensin I}} → {{c1::Angiotensin II}} under effect of {{c2::ACE}}
Published	02/10/2024	Action of Angiotensin II on the CNS, release of {{c1::ADH}} from the posterior pituitary
Published	02/10/2024	Action of ADH is stimulation of {{c1::aquaporin}} insertion on the tubular membrane of the Collecting Duct to increase water absorption.
Published	02/10/2024	Angiotensin II can act on {{c1::thirst}} and {{c1::salt appetite}} centres in the hypothalamus — making you drink more water and eat more salt
Published	02/10/2024	Action of Angiotensin II on the Adrenal Cortex, release of {{c1::aldosterone}} from zona glomerulosa
Published	02/10/2024	Action of Aldosterone is increasing the {{c1::permeability}} of the DCT to Na+ and H2O and increasing secretion of K+
Published	02/10/2024	Action of Angiotensin II on the Efferent arterioles of the Kidney, causes {{c1::E.A vasoconstriction}} so less blood can escape fr…
Published	02/10/2024	Action of Angiotensin II on the PCT, {{c1::increases}} the reabsorption of Na+ and H2O
Published	02/10/2024	Action of Angiotensin II on the systemic vessels, causes {{c1::potent vasoconstriction}}
Published	02/10/2024	An increase in Na+ and H2O reabsorption during low BP occurs due to greater reabsorptive forces in the peritubular capillaries secondary to an in…
Published	02/10/2024	Reabsorptive range of Na+ in the PCT; {{c1::65}}% in volume excess to {{c1::75}}% in volume deficit
Published	02/10/2024	The Juxtaglomerular apparatus is formed by the {{c1::juxtaglomerular cells (JG)}} and the {{c1::macula densa}}
Published	02/10/2024	The rate limiting-step of the RAAAS is the release of {{c1::renin}} since angiotensinogen is produced by the liver and is always present in plasma.
Published	02/10/2024	An increase in Sympathetic nerve activity causes an increase in renin release via {{c1::b1}} effect
Published	02/10/2024	Rate of renin secretion is {{c1::inversely}} proportional to rate of delivery of NaCl at the macula densa
Published	02/10/2024	Both {{c2::ADH}} and {{c2::Angiotensin II}} have a {{c1::negative}} feedback loop on renin
Published	02/10/2024	Volume changes have {{c1::primacy}} over Osmolarity changes by regulation of ADH if ECV is compromisedi.e. if ECV is compromised and plasma …
Published	02/10/2024	Normally, {{c1::osmolarity}} is the main determinant of [ADH], but if the volume change is sufficient to compromise brain perfusion, then volume …
Published	02/10/2024	Patients with Hyperaldosteronism are not Hypernatraemic because {{c1::ANP}} is secreted by atrial cells to oppose expansion of ECF volume by aldostero…
Published	02/10/2024	ANP overrides aldosterone's effect on {{c1::Na+}} reabsorption but not {{c1::K+}} secretion so patients with Hyperaldosteronism are {{c1::Hy…
Published	02/10/2024	ANP completely opposes the action of {{c1::Angiotensin II}}
Published	02/10/2024	There is a {{c1::200}} mOsmole gradient at each horizontal level of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle which reflects the pumping …
Published	02/10/2024	When there is excess ECF volume, the {{c1::macula densa}} will detect the high rate of delivery of NaCl so that {{c2::renin}} secretion and there…
Published	02/10/2024	In uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, {{c1::osmotic diuresis}} occurs and disrupts the medullary interstital gradient due to the large unabsorbed&nb…
Published	02/10/2024	Normally Na+ can undergo {{c1::secondary active}} transport to the PCT cells(i.e. by utilising the low concentration gradient created by active t…
Published	02/10/2024	Na+ reabsorption is disrupted secondary to the presence of a large volume of {{c1::water}} due to glucose's osmotic effect.
Published	02/10/2024	Normally 100% of the BG is reabsorbed via {{c1::symport}} with Na+, so disruption of Na+ reabsorption affects BG reabsorption.
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::15-20}}% of Na+ and water reabsorption in the kidney occurs in the {{c2::Loop of Henle}}.
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::5-20}}% of Na+ and water reabsorption in the kidney may occur in the {{c2::Collecting Duct}}.
Published	02/10/2024	In uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, reabsorption of Na+ and water is disrupted in all parts of the nephron (from PCT from CD) which causes an excr…
Published	02/10/2024	The transporters found on the luminal surface of the ascending loop of Henle are {{c1::Na+-K+-2Cl- co-transporters}}
Published	02/10/2024	The process of Na+-K+-2Cl- co-transporters found on the luminal surface of the ascending loop of Henle is passive due to energy provide…
Published	02/10/2024	Metabolic reactions are sensitive to the {{c1::pH}} of the fluid because it affects the configuration and function of enzymes.
Published	02/10/2024	In normality, formation of carbonic acid is not a net contributor to an increase in acidity because any increase in {{c1::production}} leads to an inc…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::H+}} is produced by the body in normality by {{c2::metabolism}} and in lung impairment via {{c2::respiration}}, and is buffered by formatio…
Published	02/10/2024	Metabolic acids made during metabolism that produce H+ include inorganic acids like {{c1::S-containing AAs e.g. H2SO4}} and {{c1::phosphoric…
Published	02/10/2024	Metabolic acids made during metabolism that produce H+ include organic acids like {{c1::fatty acids}} and {{c1::lactic acid}}
Published	02/10/2024	Major source of alkali is oxidation of organic anions such as {{c1::citrate}}
Published	02/10/2024	Buffers are solutions that {{c1::minimize changes in pH when H+ ions are added or removed}}
Published	02/10/2024	Henderson-Hasselbalch equation defines the pH in terms of the ratio of {{c1::[A-]/[HA]}} NOT the {{c1::absolute}} amounts
Published	02/10/2024	The most important ECF buffer is the {{c1::bicarbonate}} buffer
Published	02/10/2024	The quantity of H2CO3 depends on the amount of {{c1::CO2}} dissolved in plasma
Published	02/10/2024	The standard HCO3- is {{c1::24}} mmoles/lRanges from {{c1::22}} - {{c1::26}}
Published	02/10/2024	The standard pH is {{c1::7.4}}Ranges from {{c1::7.37}} - {{c1::7.43}}
Published	02/10/2024	The standard PCO2 is {{c1::5.3}} kPa or {{c1::40}} mmHgRanges from {{c1::4.8}} - {{c1::5.9}} kPa {{c1::36}} - {{c1::44}} mmHg
Published	02/10/2024	In maintenance of pH, {{c2::HCO3-}} is under regulation by the {{c1::renal}} system
Published	02/10/2024	In maintenance of pH, {{c2::CO2}} is under regulation by the {{c1::respiratory}} system
Published	02/10/2024	ECF Buffers include: (alongside the bicarbonate buffer)[1] {{c1::Plasma proteins ‒  Pr- + H+ ↔ HPr}}[2] {{c1::Dibasic phosphate ‒ HPO42…
Published	02/10/2024	ICF Buffers include {{c1::proteins}}, {{c1::organic}} and {{c1::inorganic phosphates}} and, in the erythrocytes, {{c1::haemoglobin}}.
Published	02/10/2024	Buffering of H+ ions by ICF buffers cause changes in {{c1::plasma electrolytes}}
Published	02/10/2024	In acidosis, the movement of {{c1::K+}} out of cells into plasma can cause {{c2::hyperkalaemia}}
Published	02/10/2024	The main purpose of buffering systems is to give the kidneys time to excrete {{c1::H+}}
Published	02/10/2024	For Metabolic acid: {{c1::43}}% buffered in plasma, primarily with HCO3-, {{c1::57}}% in cells.
Published	02/10/2024	For Respiratory acid: {{c1::97}}% of buffering occurs within cells, Hemoglobin is particularly important, rest with plasma proteins
Published	02/10/2024	The kidney regulates HCO3- by {{c1::reabsorption}} and {{c1::generation}} which depends on active H+ secretion
Published	02/10/2024	Bulk of HCO3- reabsorption occurs in the PCT >{{c1::90}}%
Published	02/10/2024	H+ is buffered in the urine mostly using {{c1::dibasic phosphate HPO42-}}, other buffers include {{c1::uric acid}}, and {{c1::creatinine}}.
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Dibasic phosphate HPO42-}} buffer system generates new {{c2::HCO3-}} and excretes {{c2::H+}} in the DCT
Published	02/10/2024	In the {{c1::DCT::tubule}}, phosphate ions become greatly concentrated because of removal of up to 95% of the initial filtrate, allowing them to work …
Published	02/10/2024	The phosphate buffer system is dependent on {{c1::Pco2}} of the blood
Published	02/10/2024	There is no excretion of H+ during HCO3- reabsorption in the {{c1::PCT::tubule}}
Published	02/10/2024	DCT is site of formation of {{c1::titratable acidity}} because un-reabsorbed dibasic phosphate  becomes highly concentrated by the removal of vol…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c2::NH3}} is produced by deamination of amino acids, primarily {{c1::glutamine}}, by the action of {{c1::renal glutaminase}} within the re…
Published	02/10/2024	In the {{c2::DCT::tubule}}, NH3 moves out into the tubule lumen and combines with H+ to form {{c1::Ammonium (NH4+)}}
Published	02/10/2024	In the {{c2::PCT::tubule}}, NH3 combines with H+ intracellularly to form {{c1::Ammonium (NH4+)}} and it moves out into the lumen by exc…
Published	02/10/2024	In the DCT, NH4 binds with {{c1::Cl-}} and is excreted as {{c1::NH4Cl}}
Published	02/10/2024	Activity of renal glutaminase is {{c1::pH}} dependent. I.E. When intracellular pH falls = more {{c1::NH4+}} is produced
Published	02/10/2024	The ability to augment {{c1::NH4+}} production is the main adaptive response of the kidney to acid loads
Published	02/10/2024	Normally only {{c1::30-50}} mmoles of H+ are lost per day as NH4+, but this can go up to {{c1::250}} mmoles/l in the presence of severe acidosis
Published	02/10/2024	Processes that generate and reabsorb bicarbonate ions in the kidneys in response to acid loads:[1] {{c1::HCO3- reabsorption in the PCT (no excret…
Published	02/10/2024	Acute causes of respiratory acidosis include {{c1::drugs e.g. barbiturates and opiates}}
Published	02/10/2024	Chronic causes of respiratory acidosis include {{c1::lung disease e.g. bronchitis, emphysema, asthma}}
Published	02/10/2024	The body's response to respiratory {{c2::acidosis}} is to increase pH by increasing generation and reabsorption of {{c1::[HCO3-]}} .
Published	02/10/2024	Acidic conditions stimulate {{c1::renal glutaminase}} in the kidney so more NH3 is produced, BUT, it takes time.
Published	02/10/2024	In respiratory acidosis, an increase in {{c1::PCO2}} causes {{c1::HCO3-}} to be {{c2::increased}} to correct the pH but the renal compensati…
Published	02/10/2024	Acute causes of respiratory alkalosis include {{c1::voluntary hyperventilation}}, {{c1::aspirin}}, {{c1::first ascent to altitude}}
Published	02/10/2024	Chronic causes of respiratory alkalosis include {{c1::long term residence at altitude}}
Published	02/10/2024	Long term residence at altitude causes PO2 < {{c1::60}} mmHg or {{c1::8}} kPa whichstimulates {{c2::peripheral}} chemoreceptors to increase ve…
Published	02/10/2024	The body's response to respiratory {{c2::alkalosis}} is to decrease pH by decreasing generation and reabsorption of&nbsp…
Published	02/10/2024	Alkaline conditions are dealt with by the {{c1::HCO3-}} reabsorptive mechanism.
Published	02/10/2024	In respiratory alkalosis, a decrease in {{c1::PCO2}} causes {{c1::HCO3-}} to be {{c2::decreased}} to correct the pH but the renal compensati…
Published	02/10/2024	Metabolic {{c3::acidosis}} occurs due to a decrease in {{c2::[HCO3-]}} secondary to increased buffering of {{c1::H+}} or direct lo…
Published	02/10/2024	To protect the pH in metabolic acidosis, {{c1::PCO2}} must be decreased.
Published	02/10/2024	Causes of Metabolic {{c1::Acidosis}} are increased production of {{c2::H+}}, failure to excrete dietary load of {{c2::H+}}, or loss of {{c2::HCO3…
Published	02/10/2024	Metabolic acidosis secondary to increased H+ production occurs due to {{c1::ketoacidosis}} or {{c1::lactic acidosis}}
Published	02/10/2024	Metabolic acidosis secondary to failure of H+ dietary load excretion occurs due to {{c1::renal failure}}
Published	02/10/2024	Metabolic acidosis secondary to loss of HCO3- occurs due to {{c1::diarrhoea}}
Published	02/10/2024	Metabolic acidosis stimulates {{c1::hyper}}-ventilation to {{c2::reduce}} PCO2 to correct the pH
Published	02/10/2024	In metabolic acidosis, due to reduced {{c1::PCO2}} we have less H+ secretion and less HCO3- reabsorption, OVERALL much less H+ is …
Published	02/10/2024	In metabolic acidosis and alkalosis, {{c1::respiratory}} mechanisms occur first NOT {{c1::renal}} mechanisms because {{c2::renal glutaminase}}&nb…
Published	02/10/2024	In metabolic acidosis, the respiratory mechanism of hyper-ventilation delays the renal mechanism by reducing {{c1::CO2}}
Published	02/10/2024	Metabolic {{c3::alkalosis}} occurs due to an increase in {{c1::[HCO3-] }}secondary to loss of renal or intestinal {{c2::[H+]}} or an excess …
Published	02/10/2024	To protect the pH in metabolic alkalosis, {{c1::PCO2}} must be increased.
Published	02/10/2024	Metabolic alkalosis secondary to intestinal loss of H+ occurs due to {{c1::vomiting}}
Published	02/10/2024	Metabolic alkalosis secondary to renal loss of H+ occurs due to excess {{c1::aldosterone}} hormone or excess {{c1::liquorice}} ingestio…
Published	02/10/2024	Metabolic alkalosis secondary to massive blood transfusions occurs because bank blood contains {{c1::citrate}} which is converted to HCO3-
Published	02/10/2024	Metabolic alkalosis stimulates {{c1::hypo}}-ventilation to {{c2::increase}} PCO2 to correct the pH
Published	02/10/2024	In metabolic alkalosis, even with increased {{c2::PCO2}} secondary to hypoventilation, more {{c1::HCO3-}} is available than {{c1::H+}},…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c2::Respiratory Acidosis}}H+ level ‒ {{c1::↑}}pH ‒ {{c1::↓}}Primary disturbance ‒ {{c1::↑ PCO2}}Compensation ‒ {{c1::↑ [HCO3-]}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c2::Respiratory Alkalosis}}H+ level ‒ {{c1::↓}}pH ‒ {{c1::↑}}Primary disturbance ‒ {{c1::↓ PCO2}}Compensation ‒ {{c1::↓ [HCO3-]}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c2::Metabolic Acidosis}}H+ level ‒ {{c1::↑}}pH ‒ {{c1::↓}}Primary disturbance ‒ {{c1::↓ [HCO3-]}}Compensation ‒ {{c1::↓ PCO2}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c2::Metabolic Alkalosis}}H+ level ‒ {{c1::↓}}pH ‒ {{c1::↑}}Primary disturbance ‒ {{c1::↑ [HCO3-]}}Compensation ‒ {{c1::↑ PCO2}}
Status	Last Update	Fields