Notes in L08 Rodenticides, herbicides, pesticides

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Published	06/22/2023	What are the different Pesticide categories?  RIMFFH{{c1::InsectisidesHerbicidesFumigantsFungicidesMolluscicides Rodenticides}}
Published	06/22/2023	Pesticide Poisoning > 150,000 deaths annually world-wide • 2/3 of deaths due to {{c1::anticholinesterase}} compounds Rural Asia is site o…
Published	06/22/2023	Insecticides • {{c4::Cholinesterase}} inhibitors                       • {{c1::Organo…
Published	06/22/2023	any chemical that is released in a confined space is automatically going to be {{c1::worse}} than if it's released outside.
Published	06/22/2023	Dermal contacts = dangerous for crop {{c1::poisining }}
Published	06/22/2023	Cholinesterase Inhibition• Acetylcholine located:       • {{c1::Sympathetic and Parasympathetic}} ganglia      • Ske…
Published	06/22/2023	Cholinergic Toxidrome:{{c1::"DUMBBELS": Muscarinic }} • Diarrhea • Urination • Miosis • Bronchorrea • Bradycardia • Emesis • Lacrim…
Published	06/22/2023	9219814ff76e406ea56916c1deeb35b7-oa-1
Published	06/22/2023	Organophosphate = used to refer to all {{c1::phosphorus-containing pesticides that inhibit cholinesterase}}           &n…
Published	06/22/2023	Organic Phosphorous Compounds: • Work to increase {{c1::ACh}} concentration in the synapse               • Musc…
Published	06/22/2023	Organic Phosphorous Compounds• Oxons = {{c1::direct action on AChE }}• Thions = {{c2::prodrugs}} Desulfuration to oxon occurs in intest…
Published	06/22/2023	• OP’s and Carbamates inhibit {{c1:: carboxylic ester hydrolases in the body}}:        • Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)   &…
Published	06/22/2023	What is the timing for Acute Toxicity for organophosphate poisining? • Varies by:     {{c1::    • Route     • D…
Published	06/22/2023	What does the presentation for Acute Toxicity for organophosphate poisining look like? • Awake and {{c1::alert}} • {{c2::Anxiety,}} restlessness, b…
Published	06/22/2023	How do we do Diagnostic Testing for Cholinesterase activity? • Clinical dx – {{c1::pinpoint pupils, excessive sweat and SOB}} • Which two methods …
Published	06/22/2023	Does Aging occur in Carbamates? {{c1::NO}}
Published	06/22/2023	Which pesticide is associate with the Union Carbide Corporation markets carbaryl? {{c1::Carbamate}}
Published	06/22/2023	Carbamates: N-methyl carbamates derived from {{c1::carbamic acid }}                     &n…
Published	06/22/2023	Carbamates Derived from {{c1::calabar bean}} (Physostigma venenosum) Inhibit {{c2::acetylcholinesterase (AChE)}} No {{c3::aging}} Tx: {{c4::deconta…
Published	06/22/2023	What does Acute Carbamate Toxicity look like? • Like {{c1::OP toxicity}} • {{c2::Coma and respiratory}} failure          …
Published	06/22/2023	How do we diagnose Carbamate poisining? • Inhibits neuronal {{c1::AChE, RBC AChE, and BuChE}}         • Spontaneous decarbamyl…
Published	06/22/2023	There are different Delayed Syndromes for Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors.  Which symptoms belong to {{c1::Neuromuscular Junction Dysfunction}}? …
Published	06/22/2023	There are different Delayed Syndromes for Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors.  Which symptoms belong to {{c1::OP Compound-Induced Delayed Neuropathy…
Published	06/22/2023	There are different Delayed Syndromes for Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors.  Which symptoms belong to {{c1::Ginger Jake Paralysis}}? • {{c2::Tr…
Published	06/22/2023	What does {{c1::Behavioral}} Toxicity look like in patients with Delayed Syndromes: Acetycholinesterase Inhibitors? • {{c2::Acute/Chronic}} OP expo…
Published	06/22/2023	What does {{c1::Chronic Toxicity}} look like in a person with Delayed Syndromes: Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors? Illness due to {{c2::chronic}} …
Published	06/22/2023	{{c1::Atropine}} is muscarinic agent and only act as on muscarinic receptors.{{c1::Pralidoxime}}, gets to the nicotinic receptors.
Published	06/22/2023	What is general Pharmacotherapy treatment for organophosphate poisining?{{c1::Atropine sulfate}} = Competitive antagonist at central and peripheral mu…
Published	06/22/2023	What is general Antimuscarinic treatment for organophosphate poisining?- {{c1::Atropine}}- Consider {{c1::glycopyrrolate}} if CNS gets anticholinergic…
Published	06/22/2023	What is general Oxime treatment for organophosphate poisining? Phosphorylated AChE regenerates slowly via {{c1::hydrolysis}} • Enhanced by an ox…
Published	06/22/2023	What is a Benzodiazepines and when is it given?{{c1::Diazepam}} is the Benzo we mention in lecture and its used to treat seizures or agitation
Published	06/22/2023	How do we decontaminate organophosphate poisining? {{c1::Remove}} all clothing Triple-wash skin • Water, soap, and water, and rinsed again wi…
Published	06/22/2023	What are Organochlorine Compounds? Family of {{c1::neuroexcitatory}} toxins Revolutionized agriculture in the 1940’s {{c1::DDT (dichlordiph…
Published	06/22/2023	What is the Hopewell Pesticide Spill? Life Science Products Company, Hopewell VA Produced {{c1::Kepone (Chlordecone)}} for Allied Chemical&nbs…
Published	06/22/2023	What are Organic Chlorine Pesticides? • Kinetics • All absorbed well PO and via inhalation • Lindane (hexachlorocyclohexane) well absorbed transder…
Published	06/22/2023	What is the Toxicity associated with Organic Chlorines? Toxicity • All are {{c1::neurotoxins}}             • Interfe…
Published	06/22/2023	What are Organic Chlorines Acute Toxicity Clinical Effects? • Acute Toxicity:      • {{c1::CNS}} stimulation -> {{c2::seizur…
Published	06/22/2023	What are Organic Chlorines Chronic Toxicity Clinical Effects? Clinical Effects \|\| Chronic Toxicity: • {{c1::Chlordecone (Kepone)}}  &nbsp…
Published	06/22/2023	What is the treatment for Organic Chlorines? Treatment • {{c1::Supportive}} Care • Recent Ingestion? Consider {{c1::lavage}} (anecdotal evidence)…
Published	06/22/2023	Pyrethrin and Pyrethroids both undergo {{c1::rapid hydrolysis }}
Published	06/22/2023	Pyrethrine and Pyrethroids are synthetic derivatives of {{c1::chrysanthemum extracts}}
Published	06/22/2023	Type I versus Type II Pyrethroids:Type I have a {{c1::simple ester bond, no cyano group}} while Type II have a {{c1::cyano group}}
Published	06/22/2023	Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids Mechanism of Action • Prolong activation of {{c1::voltage-gated Na channel }}• Binds to {{c1::open channel}} and…
Published	06/22/2023	What are the Clinical effects of Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids? Clinical Effects • Most reactions are {{c1::allergic}} • Careful with {{c1::ragweed …
Published	06/22/2023	Pyrethroids Clinical Effects • Type I          • {{c1::Tremors and twitching}} • Human toxicity is {{c1::RARE}} • High…
Published	06/22/2023	Pyrethroids Clinical Effects • Type II More {{c1::potent/toxic}} Paresthesias, salivation, nausea, vomiting, AMS, seizures ”CS Syndrome…
Published	06/22/2023	Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids  Treatment • {{c1::Supportive}} care • Skin {{c1::decontamination}} (most are dermal exposures)    &…
Published	06/22/2023	Pyrethrins/Pyrethroids   Derived from chrysanthemums   Sodium channel {{c1::openers}}   Rapidly metabolized in humans …
Published	06/22/2023	What are herbicides? Any chemical that {{c1::regulates plant growth}}
Published	06/22/2023	Bipyridyl Compounds  Paraquat and Diquat • {{c1::Nonselective}} contact herbicides • Paraquat one of the most toxic {{c1::pesticides}} a…
Published	06/22/2023	Bipyridyl Compounds : Paraquat And Diquat  Both are highly irritating and corrosive – {{c1::direct injury}}
Published	06/22/2023	Bipyridyl Compounds : Paraquat And Diquat • Generates ROS            • Nonspecific damage to {{c1::lipid membranes}…
Published	06/22/2023	Paraquat and Diquat  Kinetics: • Absorption limited with {{c2::dermal}} exposure • Oral bioavailability low ( < 10%) – still fatal if i…
Published	06/22/2023	Paraquat and Diquat: Clinical Manifestation: • {{c1::GI}} symptoms early: N/V, oral/throat pain, abdominal pain • Necrosis of {{c2::mucous membran…
Published	06/22/2023	Paraquat and Diquat: Management Treat all exposures as potentially {{c1::life-threatening}}! Supportive care, resuscitate Supplemental O2 …
Published	06/22/2023	What are Chlorphenoxy Herbicides ? • 2,3,7,8-TCDD {{c1::(dioxin)}} • {{c2::Agent Orange}} • Analogues of plant growth hormones (2,4-D/2,4,5-T)&…
Published	06/22/2023	What is Agent Orange? {{c1::Chlorphenoxy herbicide}} defoliant Active ingredients: 1,2,4,5 – TCDD (Dioxin) {{c2::Plant growth hormone}} anal…
Published	06/22/2023	Glyphosate   Roundup; {{c1::glycine analogue}}   Toxicity unclear if due to glyphosate, surfactant, or other additives  …
Published	06/22/2023	What is the Mechanism for Glyphosate? • Inhibits {{c1::5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase }}           &nbsp…
Published	06/22/2023	What does Glyphosate Toxicity look like? • Glyphosate alone seems to be {{c1::relatively safe}} • Surfactants in the formulation can be {{c1::irr…
Published	06/22/2023	What are the Clinical Effects of Glyphosate? Clinical Effects • Common: {{c1::Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea}} • {{c3::Less}} co…
Published	06/22/2023	What is the treatment for Glyphosate? Treatment • {{c1::Supportive}} care • No data for GI {{c2::decontamination}} • Case reports for HD • No cl…
Published	06/22/2023	What are Fumigants? {{c1::Nonspecific pesticides}} that can kill and control rodents, nematodes, insects, weeds, fungi
Published	06/22/2023	What forms are Fumigants available in? Available in many forms: • {{c1::Inhalational exposure}} = most common • Typically heavier than air (sink…
Published	06/22/2023	Fumigants  • {{c3::Phosphides}}/phosphine • {{c1::Methyl}} bromide • {{c2::Sulfuryl}} fluoride (Vikane)
Published	06/22/2023	FumigantsPhosphides and Phosphine Metal phosphides: {{c1::Aluminum, Zinc, Magnesium, Calcium}} Cheap & Effective Seed viability unaffecte…
Published	06/22/2023	What is the epidemiology of Phosphides and Phosphine? Epidemiology • Increasing incidence of poisoning over the last 35 years • High rate of {{c1…
Published	06/22/2023	WHat are Physical Properties of Phosphides and Phosphine? Physical Properties • {{c1::Aluminum phosphide}}: greenish-gray tablets, garlic odor • …
Published	06/22/2023	WHat are the Kinetics/Dynamics of Phosphides and Phosphine? • Metal phosphides often {{c1::ingested}} • Reacts with GI acids to release {{c2::PH3}}…
Published	06/22/2023	What is the Mechanism of Action for Phosphides and Phosphine? Mechanism of Action • Non-competitive {{c2::inhibition of cytochrome-C oxidase}} • B…
Published	06/22/2023	What are the CLinical EFFECTS OF PHOSPhides and Phosphine? Clinical Effects • Onset:          • AlP is 10-15 min; ZnP is …
Published	06/22/2023	Phosphides and Phosphine: Treatment Remove from source, {{c1::supplemental O2}} Use PPE! {{c2::Remove}} clothes – skin and eye decontaminat…
Published	06/22/2023	Methly Bromide: Used as an {{c1::anesthetic}} in the early 1900’s • Modern times = Industry Use • Poisonings now associated with fumigation • D…
Published	06/22/2023	What are the Kinetics of Methyl bromide? {{c1::Colorless odorless}} gas 3 times {{c2::heavier}} than air {{c3::Inhalation}} = most common r…
Published	06/22/2023	What are the Clinical Effects of Methyl Bromide? Clinical Effects • ARDS leading to respiratory failure is the most common way to death • Irritan…
Published	06/22/2023	What is the Management for Methyl Bromide poisining?  Management • PPE for provider protection • Remove from source • {{c1::Remove}} clothing …
Published	06/22/2023	Fungicides • {{c2::Dithiocarbamates}}:          • Metabolized to carbon disulfide          • Ca…
Published	06/22/2023	Molluscicides: • Compounds used to kill {{c2::gastropod}} pests                        …
Published	06/22/2023	Rodenticides   "BRATS PANIC" mnemonic   FIFRA and classifications   Anticoagulant/superwarfarins  Most common in…
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