Notes in MCBD Exam 3

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Published	11/16/2023	Any _________ can be converted to a CAC intermediate
Published	11/16/2023	What are glucogenic and aminogenic AAs converted into?
Published	11/16/2023	What do ALT/AST do?
Published	11/16/2023	Where are ALT/AST found?
Published	11/16/2023	If AST level is increased too much what can happen?
Published	11/16/2023	If ALT level is raised too much what can happen?
Published	11/16/2023	Where does the urea cycle take place?
Published	11/16/2023	What does a deficiency in carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I cause?
Published	11/16/2023	What does a deficiency in ornithine transcarbamylase cause?
Published	11/16/2023	Urea cycle enzyme deficiencies are thought to be associated with ____________. Its symptoms are: Hyperammonemia, liver failure, hypoglycemia, encephal…
Published	11/16/2023	An alcoholic presents with erratic behavior and a piercing headache. The dumb nurse thinks he is crazy but you know that he probably has an accumulati…
Published	11/16/2023	How would you assess kidney function and damage or the effectiveness of dialysis?
Published	11/16/2023	Urea is filtered out of the blood by what?
Published	11/16/2023	What two enzymes involved in heme synthesis are inhibited by lead?
Published	11/16/2023	Ferrochelatase does what?
Published	11/16/2023	Sideroblastic anemia, a heme-associated disease, is caused by what two things?
Published	11/16/2023	Vitamin ___ deficiency causes sideroblastic anemia and skin rashes, cracked lips, glossy tongue.
Published	11/16/2023	A patient has an iron deficiency. What's up with their RBCs?
Published	11/16/2023	Immature RBCs with nuclei surrounded by rings of iron; Could be bigger or smaller in size than the normal RBCs.
Published	11/16/2023	What mechanism causes sideroblastic anemia?(basic)
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Published	11/16/2023	What does excessive levels of blood bilirubin cause?
Published	11/16/2023	High levels of bilirubin is called what?
Published	11/16/2023	Hemolysis of older RBCs releases hemoglobin. Heme released from hemoglobin is converted to ______. High levels of bilirubin cross the blood-brain barr…
Published	11/16/2023	Lipid origin story: Excess dietary _______ converted to fatty acids (FAs) in the liver; Sent to adipose tissue for storage.
Published	11/16/2023	Steroids, phospholipids and triglycerides(fat) are all considered to be ________.
Published	11/16/2023	Compare and contrast saturated and unsaturated FAs.
Published	11/16/2023	Saturated FAs increase what?
Published	11/16/2023	Unsaturated FAs lower what?
Published	11/16/2023	What is a nonessential fatty acid?
Published	11/16/2023	_________ – found in Salmon, nuts
Published	11/16/2023	_______ - Found in vegetable oil, nuts, seeds .
Published	11/16/2023	Linoleic acid is a precurser for what?
Published	11/16/2023	Linolenic acid is a precurser for what?
Published	11/16/2023	This essential FA reduces TAGs, and prevents blood clot formation by lowering thromboxane!
Published	11/16/2023	This essential FA lowers LDL and HDL.
Published	11/16/2023	Essential FA deficiency leads to ___________ - Inability to provide water barrier in skin
Published	11/16/2023	Oleic acid and arachidonic acid are what?
Published	11/16/2023	A deficiency in linoleic acid causes arachidonic acids to not be produced. What does this affect?
Published	11/16/2023	Arachidonic adids are made from what essential FA?
Published	11/16/2023	Isocitrate dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in the Citric Acid Cycle, is inhibited in response to what?This causes _______ to accumulate and leave mi…
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Published	11/16/2023	•Source of energy •Transported in the plasma by lipoproteins •Increase is linked to atherosclerosis, heart disease, stroke
Published	11/16/2023	This type of lipid is made from arachidonic acid which is made from linoleic adic.
Published	11/16/2023	Triglycerides are a source of energy, NOT __________!
Published	11/16/2023	Prostaglandins (vasodilation, inflammatory pain) are a type of ___________, formed via cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway.
Published	11/16/2023	What pathway to NSAIDS inhibit?
Published	11/16/2023	Eicosanoids are ______ immune signaling molecules.
Published	11/16/2023	What do bile salts do and where are they made?
Published	11/16/2023	Where are excess bile salts stored?
Published	11/16/2023	CF patients have problems uptaking what?
Published	11/16/2023	Thromboxane is responsible for what? *Inhibited by NSAID COX pathway interferrence
Published	11/16/2023	What do lipoproteins do?
Published	11/16/2023	What is the only "good" lipoprotein that is the smallest in size and also has the highest density?
Published	11/16/2023	What do LPL(lipoprotein lipase) and APO CII do?
Published	11/16/2023	What is the treatment for LPL(lipoprotein lipase) deficiency? Note, LPL deficiency can cause an increased risk for acute pancreatitis.
Published	11/16/2023	What activates LPL and is its metaphorical copilot for fucking up chylomicrons?
Published	11/16/2023	VLDL stands for Very Low Density Lipoprotein. What does it do?
Published	11/16/2023	VLDL metabolism is done in the exact same way as chylomicron metabolism...
Published	11/16/2023	Resistance to insulin causes impaired ________
Published	11/16/2023	-Imbalance of hepatic TAG synthesis & secretion of VLDL -Obesity, Type II diabetes
Published	11/16/2023	-TG in chylomicrons not degraded -Elevated TAG level results in inflammation in pancreas, leading to abdominal pain
Published	11/16/2023	______ is essentially a circulating reservoir of apolipoproteins. It transports cholesterol from peripheral tissues to other cells or the liver.
Published	11/16/2023	_______ serves to deliver cholesteroln to tissues for biosynthesis.
Published	11/16/2023	What does scavenger receptor do?
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Published	11/16/2023	-Oxidizing & releasing Acetyl CoA from FAs to produce energy -Acetyl CoA into Citric Acid Cycle -NADH and FADH2 to ETC-Presence of carnitine shutt…
Published	11/16/2023	Why does insulin inhibit the carnitine shuttle and what does this inhibition cause?
Published	11/16/2023	Lets say I have some triglycerides and glycerol and I am in need of energy. What needs to happen to get the energy?
Published	11/16/2023	Acetyl CoA (from b-oxidation) stimulates gluconeogenesis by activating __________.
Published	11/16/2023	HMG CoA, made from Acetyl CoA, can be made into what?
Published	11/16/2023	_______ - Source of fuel in extrahepatic tissues
Published	11/16/2023	Under what metabolic conditions is Acetyl CoA converted to ketone bodies?
Published	11/16/2023	________ are small & water-soluble. They can be delivered in the bloodstream unlike FAs
Published	11/16/2023	____________ is transported in the blood to periphral tissues where it is reconverted into Acetyl CoA and used to fuel TCA . It can spontaneously turn…
Published	11/16/2023	A decrease in ______ and increase in _______ causes FAs to be released from adipose tissue. This can cause excessive hepatic ketone synthesis --> k…
Published	11/16/2023	Why can’t liver use ketones as fuel?
Published	11/16/2023	Thiophorase function...
Published	11/16/2023	These diseases stem from what?Gaucher’s Niemann-Pick Tay-Sachs Fabry’s Krabbe’s
Published	11/16/2023	ALA (Aminolevulinic) synthase requires what vitamin?
Published	11/16/2023	This results from increased free fatty acid synthesis , decreased fatty acid oxidation, lipoproteins and is associated with alcoholism. Reflects damag…
Published	11/16/2023	What is anthracosis?
Published	11/16/2023	What is lipofucsin?
Published	11/16/2023	What is hemosiderin?
Published	11/16/2023	When a cell dies three changes happen to it1.2.3.
Published	11/16/2023	The injured tissues appear pale. Often the cellular outline and tissue architecture can still be seen under the microscope, but the cells are dead. Su…
Published	11/16/2023	The injured tissues become semi-liquid because powerful tissue enzymes dissolve them. This is especially common in tissues like the brain (EXAM FAVORI…
Published	11/16/2023	The dead tissue is soft and white like cream cheese.  In the center of caseous granulomas, necrotic cells lose their cellular outlines but do not…
Published	11/16/2023	This is typical of a syphilis infection; bacterial enzymes digest the dead tissue to the consistency of chewing gum.   A special type of granulom…
Published	11/16/2023	The dead tissues contain many red blood cells.   This is usually seen when cell death is due to blockage of a vein, while the arterial supply con…
Published	11/16/2023	Enzymes are released from the damaged tissues. Triglycerides released from the cells bind with calcium to form soaps ("saponification").   This t…
Published	11/16/2023	Granulation tissue vs granuloma
Published	11/16/2023	terminally differentiated, have lost all capacity for regeneration, and do not enter the cell cycle. If lost, they cannot be replaced. EXAMPLE: Nerve …
Published	11/16/2023	Some cells divide under certain circumstances only. Example: hepatocytes.
Published	11/16/2023	Cells of tissues that are frequently regenerated like skin.
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