Notes in Exam II

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Published	12/03/2024	What is the biggest inhibitor of widespread genetic testing?
Published	12/03/2024	What are the two requirements for Cas9 to successfully bind to a DNA sequence?
Published	12/03/2024	After a DNA sequence is removed via Cas9, what are the two outcomes of the strands? (In broad terms, not terminology)
Published	12/03/2024	What are the three main steps in PCR? What occurs during these steps?
Published	12/03/2024	What is the minimum number of cycles in PCR for a post-synthesis double strand to be comprised of ONLY the target sequence?
Published	12/03/2024	What is the term that allows for simultaneous screening of multiple target sequences during PCR?
Published	12/03/2024	What are the three subunits of a trimeric G-protein, and which one undergoes conformation changes during activation?
Published	12/03/2024	After the G-Protein cell receptor (GPCR) is activated, what are the steps for activating a trimeric G-protein up until the signaling cascade?
Published	12/03/2024	What is required for a trimeric G-protein to deactivate?
Published	12/03/2024	What are the three molecules involved in deactivating a GPCR and removing it from the cell membrane? What do they do, and in what order?
Published	12/03/2024	What are the two steps for a monomeric G-protein to activate and bind to the cell membrane?
Published	12/03/2024	When turning off a monomeric G-protein, what protein type is required to hydrolyze the GTP into GDP?
Published	12/03/2024	What are the three primary targets for G-protein signaling? Which subunit determines the target?
Published	12/03/2024	What are the four primary targets for cAMP?
Published	12/03/2024	Generally, what does Protein Kinase A (PKA) do after being activated by cAMP?
Published	12/03/2024	What group of proteins dephosphorylates the proteins previously phosphorylated by A-Kinase?
Published	12/03/2024	cGMP is used primarily for signal transduction in the cell. What enzyme is used to make this molecule from GTP?
Published	12/03/2024	What are the two types of guanylyl cyclase? Which type can be found in every cell?
Published	12/03/2024	In class, what general processes were controlled by membrane bound receptors for guanylyl cyclase?
Published	12/03/2024	Where can the three families of NOS (nitric oxide synthase) be found? Which type produces large volumes of nitric oxide?
Published	12/03/2024	What does nitric oxide act as in the blood, and how is this helpful for heart attacks AND septic shock?
Published	12/03/2024	What are the relative ion concentrations across a neuron membrane?
Published	12/03/2024	What are the relative charges of the resting membrane potential?
Published	12/03/2024	How fast do ions travel through ion channels vs. transporters/pumps/carriers?
Published	12/03/2024	There are 3 categories of transporter mediated passive diffusion, what are they?
Published	12/03/2024	What is conductance, and what controls it?
Published	12/03/2024	What is the difference between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors, in relation to ion channels?
Published	12/03/2024	Why do ion channels need to be inactivated after depolarization, compared to regular closure?
Published	12/03/2024	What is the equivalent to inactivation in ligand-gated channels?
Published	12/03/2024	What channels are opened by excitatory neurotransmitters vs. inhibitory ones?
Published	12/03/2024	What are the 5 types of ion channel involved in activation of the neuromuscular junction?
Removal Requested	11/20/2024	Cloze tester, please suspend {{c1::test}}
Published	12/03/2024	What are the two major families of receptors that respond to ECM signals?
Published	12/03/2024	At a very basic level, what is the structure of an integrin or syndecan?
Published	12/03/2024	For this class, what are the four primary ECM molecules?
Published	12/03/2024	What are the three families of cell-to-cell interactions within the ECM?
Published	12/03/2024	What is the general pathway for Tyrosine Kinase linked receptors, up until the signal cascade? (Insulin is an example)
Published	12/03/2024	A tyrosine kinase linked receptor has numerous {{c1::tyrosine residues}}, which upon being phosphorylated can interact with numerous signaling molecul…
Published	12/03/2024	What are the four steps of cytokine receptor activation, before binding of extraneous proteins?
Published	12/03/2024	What are the 3 steps of STAT activation after activation of it's receptor?
Published	12/03/2024	Which tyrosine-kinase target is important for intracellular calcium release from the SR?
Published	12/03/2024	STATs are broken down with a pathway similar to the {{c1::ubiquitin}} tagging we've discussed earlier in the class
Published	12/03/2024	{{c1::MAP}} kinases are activated by the {{c2::Ras protein}}(a modified G-protein monomer), and cause a cascade of effects that alter {{c1::protein ac…
Published	12/03/2024	PIP3 also binds to {{c1::Akt}}, which is instrumental to {{c2::embryo development and proliferation}}
Published	12/03/2024	While epigenetic changes occur all the time, most are {{c1::removed}} with time
Published	12/03/2024	What are the three primary factors influencing epigenetics, as described by this course(broad)
Published	12/03/2024	In a pregnant mother with a female fetus, how many generations are affected by an epigenetic event?
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