Notes in 33 Hepatic Physiology & Anesthesia

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Published	12/13/2023	Thromboxane A2 is a vaso-{{c1::constrictor}}
Published	12/13/2023	Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) is synthesized by the platelet enzyme {{c1::cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1)::specific}}
Published	12/13/2023	Thromboxane A2 promotes platelet {{c1::aggregation}}
Published	12/13/2023	The blood from hepatic arterioles and portal venules join into the {{c1::sinusoidal channels}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Sinusoidal channels are lined by macrophages called {{c2::Kupffer cells}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Bile canaliculi}} originate between hepatocytes in the plates and join to form {{c2::bile ducts}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Sympathetic innervation of the liver is supplied by {{c1::T3}}-{{c1::T11}}.
Published	12/13/2023	How much of the liver's oxygen is supplied by the hepatic artery?{{c1::50%}}
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::hepatic artery}} supplies {{c2::25}}% of the blood flow to the liver.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::portal vein}} supplies {{c2::75}}% of the blood flow to the liver.
Published	12/13/2023	Which blood supply to the liver is autoregulated? {{c1::Hepatic artery}}
Published	12/13/2023	Portal vein flow is dependent on flow through the {{c1::splanchic vasculature}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What are the primary receptors that control the portal vein?{{c1::α1}}
Published	12/13/2023	What are the primary receptors that control the hepatic artery?{{c1::α1 and β2 }}
Published	12/13/2023	A normal portal vein pressure is about {{c1::7}} to {{c1::10}} mmHg.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Hepatic sinusoids}} have low resistance, allowing the liver to function as a {{c1::blood reservoir}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Hypervolemia can cause liver dysfunction because the increased {{c2::central venous pressure}} causes {{c1::hepatic congestion}}.
Published	12/13/2023	All cells use glucose to produce ATP, either through the {{c1::citric acid cycle::aerobic pathway}} or {{c2::glycolysis::anaerobic pathway}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The liver can use acetyl-CoA to produce {{c1::cholesterol}} and {{c2::phospholipids}}, which is necessary for the synthesis of cellular membranes.&nbs…
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Deamination}} of amino acids converts amino acids into {{c2::keto acids}}  for conversion to carbohydrates and fats.
Published	12/13/2023	The liver converts ammonia to {{c1::urea}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What coagulation factors are NOT produced by hepatocytes (3)?{{c1::III, VIII, von Willebrand factor}}
Published	12/13/2023	Vitamin K is a necessary cofactor in the synthesis of factors {{c1::II, VII, IX, and X}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Phase {{c3::I}} reactions (hepatic biotransformation) modify {{c2::reactive chemical groups}} through {{c1::mixed-function oxidases}} or CYP450.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::hepatic}} duct joins with the {{c1::cystic}} duct to form the {{c2::common bile}} duct.
Published	12/13/2023	Bile is stored in the {{c1::gallbladder}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Bile aids in the absorption of {{c1::fats}} and {{c2::fat-soluble vitamins (ADEK)}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Deficiencies of vitamin {{c1::K}} manifests as {{c2::coagulopathy}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What abnormal labs are characteristic of hepatocellular injury?{{c1::Elevated AST and ALT}}
Published	12/13/2023	Acute liver disease presents with a {{c1::normal::high/low}} albumin level.
Published	12/13/2023	Elevated serum ammonia will manifest as {{c1::encephalopathy}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The liver synthesizes the anticoagulant factors:{{c1::protein C}}{{c1::protein S}}{{c1::antithrombin III}}
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::thromboelastograph (TEG)}} is the best measure of global coagulation status.
Published	12/13/2023	What type of thromboelastograph tracing is A?{{c1::Nomal coagulation}}
Published	12/13/2023	What type of thromboelastograph tracing is B?{{c1::Hypercoagulation}}
Published	12/13/2023	What type of thromboelastograph tracing is C?{{c1::Hypocoagulation}}
Published	12/13/2023	What type of thromboelastograph tracing is D?{{c1::Fibrinolysis}}
Published	12/13/2023	Opioids {{c1::increase::increase/decrease}} biliary pressure by causing the {{c1::sphincter of Oddi}} to spasm.
Published	12/13/2023	Hemostasis is a three part process:{{c3::Vascular spasm}} → {{c2::platelet plug}} → {{c1::fibrin clot}}
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::intrinsic}} pathway of coagulation is triggered by the interaction between factor {{c2::XII (Hageman factor)}} and the subendothelial {{c2::…
Published	12/13/2023	Fibrin polymers are cross-linked by factor {{c1::XIII}} to form a strong, insoluble fibrin clot.
Published	12/13/2023	Activated clotting time (ACT) measures the {{c1::intrinsic}} pathway of coagulation.
Published	12/13/2023	Plasminogen degrades fibrin into {{c1::fibrin degradation products}}, which is measured by {{c2::D-dimer}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Aspirin {{c1::irreversibly::reversible or irreversibly}} inactivates platelets.
Published	12/13/2023	Patient with von Willebrand disease who do not respond to DDAVP (desmopressin) can be transfused with {{c1::cryoprecipitate}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Administration/secretion of epinephrine {{c1::increases}} blood glucose levels.
Published	12/13/2023	How much of the liver's oxygen is supplied by the portal vein?{{c1::50%}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the byproduct of deamination of amino acids?{{c1::Ammomnia}}
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