Notes in Lecture

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	09/13/2023	pancreatic beta cells*main site of action of {{c1::sulfonylureas}}- have {{c3::calcium}} and ({{c7::ATP}} sensitive) {{c4::potassium}} ion channe…
Published	09/13/2023	Sulfonylureas*two classes, both taken {{c1::orally}}.... both trigger insulin release by closing ATP-sensitive {{c17::K+}} channels in beta islet cell…
Published	09/13/2023	insulin receptor- {{c2::alpha}} subunits: located outside cell, bind insulin- {{c2::beta}} subunits: within cell, have {{c1::tyrosine kinase}} activit…
Published	09/13/2023	{{c3::L}}-type calcium channels can be blocked in calcium-channel blocker overdose→ also present in heart... so overdose can cause life-threatening {{…
Published	09/13/2023	effects of insulin- promotes glucose uptake - insulin promotes {{c5::glycogenesis}} in liver and {{c6::skeletal}} muscle- when glycogen…
Published	09/13/2023	Octreotide ({{c1::somatostatin}} analog) blocks {{c2::calcium}} influx into cell → leads to decreased insulin release*can be an antidote to {{c3::sulf…
Published	09/13/2023	three major routes of enteral administration:→ {{c1::oral}} (PO)→ {{c1::sublingual}} (SL)→ {{c1::rectal}} (PR)pros of enteral: easy to administercons&…
Published	09/13/2023	insulin given {{c1::parenterally::enterally/parenterally}} because it won’t survive {{c2::gastric}} environment and is not easily transported through …
Published	09/15/2023	49bc74a412b94a699635cb9bc3326131-ao-1
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Published	09/13/2023	49bc74a412b94a699635cb9bc3326131-ao-7
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Published	09/15/2023	49bc74a412b94a699635cb9bc3326131-ao-9
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Published	09/19/2023	49bc74a412b94a699635cb9bc3326131-ao-11
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Published	09/13/2023	insulin degradation- insulin binding insulin receptor → triggers formation of {{c1::endosomes}} designed to digest insulin *{{c1::endosomes}} con…
Published	09/14/2023	Neural versus Endocrine SystemsNeural - discrete target (NO circulation in {{c3::blood}}) - very {{c1::fast::fast/slow}} response - example:…
Published	09/14/2023	release of insulin/glucagon from pancreas → picked up by capillaries of {{c1::venous::arterial/venous}} system → taken first to {{c3::liver::organ}} v…
Published	09/15/2023	insulin release by pancreatic beta cells is proportial to blood {{c1::glucose}} levels - blood {{c2::glucose}} increases and more {{c2::glucose}}…
Published	09/15/2023	{{c1::diazoxide::oral drug}} works by opening {{c2::K+}} channels in beta cells → takes cells farther from threshold of the voltage-dependent Ca2+ cha…
Published	09/15/2023	C-peptide- C-peptide is released along with {{c1::insulin}} → function is unkown- C-peptide levels in blood are used to estimate {{c2::endogenous}} in…
Published	09/14/2023	Sulfonylureas {{c1::increase::increase/decrease}} insulin release and diazoxide {{c2::decreases::increase/decrease}} insulin release
Published	09/14/2023	Type {{c1::I}} diabetes is lack of beta cells and complete absence of insulin→ replacement of insulin is the only treatment
Published	09/15/2023	glucose testing{{c3::fasting blood glucose}} is the most widely used... but limits to its {{c4::sensitivity}} measurement of {{c2::HbA1c}} has {{…
Published	09/15/2023	pretest knowledge (genetic predisposition, weight) subdivides population as a whole into sub-populations....ex: sub-population encompassing people who…
Published	09/15/2023	skeletal muscle → GLUT{{c1::4}}-containing vesicles to muscle cell membrane → picks up glucose from blood → brings into cell for glycolysis and glycog…
Published	09/15/2023	fasting glucose of {{c1::100-125::range}} mg/dl indicates prediabetes; fasting glucose over {{c2::125::#}} mg/dl indicates frank diabetes*considered n…
Published	09/15/2023	HHS: hyper{{c2::osmolar}} hyper{{c1::glycemic}} state- in HHS, insufficient {{c3::insulin}}-induced action → domination of fasted-state…
Published	09/15/2023	Insulin signal transduction- insulin binds receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) → dimerization and conformational changes → cross-phosphorylation of intrace…
Published	09/15/2023	insulin resistance- high-calorie diets and low levels of exercise → increase in {{c3::adipose}} tissue → high levels of serum {{c4::fatty acids}} and …
Published	09/15/2023	metformin- metformin has pleotropic glucose lowering effects in patients with type {{c1::2}} diabetes.... mainly through {{c3::redox}}-dependent …
Published	09/15/2023	Meglitinides- prevent ATP-sensitive {{c1::potassium}} pumps from opening*same mechanism as sulfonylureas, but more {{c4::rapid}}-acting with {{c4::sho…
Published	09/15/2023	Incretins- {{c5::hormones}} that aid in lowering blood glucose levels by stimulating {{c1::insulin release}} after a meal*incretins account for 60 to …
Published	09/15/2023	DPP-4 ({{c1::Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4}}) inhibitors- examples: {{c5::SITagliptin}} and {{c6::sAXagliptin}}*administered {{c8::orally}}, unlike…
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