Notes in ✧ Glycolysis

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Published	01/14/2024	Once inside the pancreatic β-cell, glucose is {{c1::phosphorylated}} by the enzyme {{c2::glucokinase}}
Published	01/14/2024	Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration by decreasing {{c1::gluconeogenesis}} via increased production of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
Published	01/14/2024	Glucagon acts on the {{c1::liver}} (primarily) and {{c1::adipose}} tissue
Published	01/14/2024	The major factor that stimulates glucagon secretion is {{c1::hypoglycemia}}
Published	01/14/2024	What is the effect of insulin on glucagon secretion?{{c1::Decreased}}
Published	01/14/2024	Glucagon increases blood glucose concentration by increasing {{c1::gluconeogenesis}} via decreased production of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
Published	01/14/2024	Anaerobic glycolysis produces a net of {{c1::2}} ATP per glucose molecule
Published	01/14/2024	Anaerobic glycolysis produces a net of {{c1::2}} NADH per glucose molecule
Published	01/14/2024	Which organs phosphorylate glucose using glucokinase? {{c1::Liver, β cells of the pancreas::2}}
Published	01/14/2024	Hexokinase is characterized by a(n) {{c1::low}} Km relative to glucokinase
Published	01/14/2024	Glucokinase is characterized by a(n) {{c1::high}} Km relative to hexokinase
Published	01/14/2024	Hexokinase is characterized by a(n) {{c1::low}} Vmax relative to glucokinase
Published	01/14/2024	Glucokinase is characterized by a(n) {{c1::high}} Vmax relative to hexokinase
Published	01/14/2024	Is hexokinase activity induced by insulin? {{c1::No}}
Published	01/14/2024	Is glucokinase activity induced by insulin? {{c1::Yes}}
Published	01/14/2024	Is hexokinase activity inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate? {{c1::Yes}}
Published	01/14/2024	Is glucokinase activity inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate? {{c1::No}}
Published	01/14/2024	What is the purpose of phosphorylating a sugar (e.g. glucose to glucose-6-phosphate)? {{c1::Prevent the sugar from leaving the cell}}
Published	01/14/2024	Glucose is converted to {{c2::glucose-6-phosphate}} by the enzyme {{c1::hexokinase}} in most tissues
Published	01/14/2024	Glucose is converted to {{c2::glucose-6-phosphate}} by the enzyme {{c1::glucokinase}} in the liver and β cells of the pancreas
Published	01/14/2024	Hexokinase is regulated via negative feedback by {{c1::glucose-6-phosphate}}
Published	01/14/2024	Glucokinase is regulated via negative feedback by {{c1::fructose-6-phosphate}}
Published	01/14/2024	Glucokinase is regulated via positive feedback by {{c1::insulin}}
Published	01/14/2024	Increased phosphofructokinase-2 {{c1::stimulates}} glycolysis and {{c1::inhibits}} gluconeogenesis
Published	01/14/2024	What substrate overrides inhibition of the enzyme phosphofructokinase-1 by ATP in the liver? {{c1::Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate}}
Published	01/14/2024	Glycogen synthase is regulated via negative feedback by {{c1::epinephrine}} and {{c2::glucagon}}
Published	01/14/2024	Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase is regulated via negative feedback by {{c1::fructose-2,6-bisphosphate}} and {{c2::AMP}}
Published	01/14/2024	Increased NADH/NAD+ (e.g. due to ethanol) causes increased conversion of {{c2::pyruvate}} -> {{c2::lactate}}, thus increasing risk for {{c1::lactic…
Published	01/14/2024	The NH3 from amino acid breakdown in muscle is transported into the blood in the form of {{c1::alanine}}
Published	01/14/2024	In the liver, alanine transfers its NH3 group to {{c1::α-ketoglutarate}}, forming {{c2::glutamate}} and {{c3::pyruvate}}
Published	01/14/2024	The main sources of energy in a fed state are {{c1::glycolysis}} and {{c2::aerobic respiration}}
Published	01/14/2024	A(n) {{c1::kinase}} enzyme catalyzes transfer of a phosphate group from a high-energy molecule (e.g. ATP) to a substrate
Published	01/14/2024	Conversion of pyruvate -> lactate (Cori cycle) recycles one molecule of {{c1::NAD+}}
Published	01/14/2024	Does the Cori cycle result in regeneration of NAD+? {{c1::Yes}}
Published	01/14/2024	What is the source of energy in erythrocytes? {{c1::Glucose}}
Published	01/14/2024	In erythrocytes, 90% of glucose is used for {{c1::glycolysis}}
Published	01/14/2024	What glycolysis enzyme deficiency causes hemolytic anemia in a newborn?{{c1::Pyruvate kinase deficiency}}
Published	01/14/2024	Most notably, the serum tumor marker {{c1::LDH}} is elevated in testicular germ tumors and ovarian dysgerminoma
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