Notes in Handout 7

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Published	11/30/2023	Introduction Cells differ from each other because they express {{c1::different}} genes at {{c1::different}} levels and at {{c1::different}} times even…
Published	11/30/2023	Transcription: general- RNA - capable of forming a hairpin structure via {{c1::internal H-Bonding}}.- Ordered polymerization of {{c2::ribonucleoside 5…
Published	11/30/2023	{{c1::Rifampin}} is an antibiotic that inhibits {{c2::RNA polymerase}} (sigma factor) to treat {{c2::tuberculosis}}.
Published	11/30/2023	RNAPII binds the core promoter. The +1 region is the start site for transcription then the area is located {{c1::-160 upstream}} and {{c1::+40 downstr…
Published	11/30/2023	Steps in the assembly of preinitiation complex (PIC) on the core promoter:1. {{c1::TBP}} of {{c1::TFIID}} binds to the {{c1::TATA box}} of the promote…
Published	11/30/2023	RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII) action • Similar action as DNA polymerase except that RNA polymerase can {{c1::initiate new strand synthesis}} • A DNA stra…
Published	11/30/2023	RNA processing • Immediate product of transcription is a large precursor molecules (primary transcript) • Covalently modified at {{c1::both ends (5’ a…
Published	11/30/2023	5’ capping of mRNA • Almost immediately after transcription initiation, the 5’ end of the mRNAs are covalently modified to form a {{c1::7-methylguanos…
Published	11/30/2023	polyadenylation of mRNA • A processing reaction involves {{c1::cleaving the primary transcript}} and adding of a poly(A) tail • Function is to {{c1::i…
Published	11/30/2023	Splicing can occur cotranscription or afterIntron: {{c1::non-coding}}Exon: {{c1::coding}}The 5' splice site has a sequence of AG GU and 3' h…
Published	11/30/2023	RNA splicing • Removal of introns = {{c1::non-coding sequences}} in mRNA that must be removed before translation; {{c1::coding sequences}} = exons • C…
Published	11/30/2023	Mature RNA:At translation start site (say it is +1) it will have an A. The start sequence is AANAUGG also known as kozak sequence.Start codon: {{…
Published	11/30/2023	There are {{c1::64}} possible codons with {{c1::3}} being stop codons. This means {{c1::61}} codons for {{c1::20}} a.a.
Published	11/30/2023	The 3 uracil derivatives are:{{c1::Pseudouridine}}, {{c1::Dihydrouridine}}, {{c1::Ribothymidine}}
Published	11/30/2023	Wobble Hypothesis • Explains {{c1::codon degeneracy}} –how a tRNA can recognize several (degenerate) codons • “Wobble” in the 5’ anticodon position al…
Published	11/30/2023	Mutation:Point mutation – a single base change:– Silent mutation = {{c1::no change in amino acid}} – Missense mutation = {{c1::a change that specifies…
Published	11/30/2023	How amino acids are activated for protein synthesis? • Activation is catalyzed by {{c1::aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase}} • Proofreading occurs during this …
Published	11/30/2023	Rxn: a.a. attacks beta phosphate of ATP and PPi drives rxn forward.tRNA 3'OH attacks carbonyl. ..{{c1::.}}.How does is discrimminate between ile and v…
Published	11/30/2023	The machinery for protein synthesis • Protein synthesis does not occur free in solution but takes place in a {{c1::ribosomal complex}} • Eukaryotic ri…
Published	11/30/2023	Formation of the Initiation ComplexInvolves formation of complex: {{c1::initiator methionyl-tRNA}}, {{c1::mRNA}}, a {{c1::ribosome}}Steps:1. {{c2::euk…
Published	11/30/2023	Elongation Process During Translation 1. Binding of an aminoacyl-tRNA to the A site on the ribosome • Initially, {{c1::initiator methionyl-tRNA}} in P…
Published	11/30/2023	Termination of Translation • A termination codon moves into A site -> {{c1::no tRNA with anticodons that can pair with the stop codons}} -> term…
Published	11/30/2023	Antibiotics which target prokaryotic protein synthesis • {{c1::tobramycin}} – binds to {{c2::bacterial ribosome (30S)}} and prevents {{c3::formation o…
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