Notes in 04-05MuscleStructure&Function

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Skeletal muscle}} - Groups of fascicles composed of thousands of muscle fibers/cells
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Fascicles}} - Group of muscle fibers surrounded by connective tissue
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Sarcolemma}} - Membrane enclosing each muscle fiber
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Sarcoplasm}} - Cytoplasm of muscle fiber which contains myofibrils, the contractile structures of muscle fibers, and nonmyofibrillar s…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Myofibrils}} - Contained in the sarcoplasm, contractile structures of muscle fiber composed of myofilaments: myosin (thick myofilament) and…
Published	07/30/2024	Skeletal musclemuscle fasciclesmuscle fibermyofibrilsmyofilaments
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Myosin}} - {{c2::Thick}} Myofilament that has head groups
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Actin}} - {{c2::Thin}} Myofilament that binds to myosin heads
Published	07/30/2024	Regulatory proteins found near {{c1::actin::myofilament}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Troponin}} - Globular protein found in notches between two actin strings
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Tropomyosin}} - Protein attached to each troponin molecule
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Titin}} - Large structural protein that is attached along the {{c2::thick}} filament and spans the gap from the {{c2::thick}} filament ({{c2::my…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Sarcomere}} - Portion of the myofibril located between two Z discs
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Z discs}} - Boundaries between actin filaments located at regular intervals that link thin filaments
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::A band}} = {{c2::Actin + myosin}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::I band}} = {{c2::Actin only}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::H zone}} = {{c2::Myosin only}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::M band}} - Central portion of H zone, as well as the center of the A band
Published	07/30/2024	Muscle tension is generated by hydrolysis of {{c1::ATP}} from myosin head
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Concentric}} Contraction - Active shortening of the muscle under load. Bones move closer to each other as muscle shortens
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Eccentric}} Contraction - Lengthening of the muscle under load. Bones move away from each other as muscle tries to control descent of the weight…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Isometric}} Contraction - Constant muscle length. Muscle contraction without changing length or angle of a joint
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Isotonic}} Contraction - Equal or constant tension. Rarely occurs during normal human movements
Published	07/30/2024	A motor unit is innervated by a/n {{c1::alpha}} motor neuron
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] Within a muscle 1. # of fibers per motor unit 2. Number of motor units{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Axon Size 1. Small Motor Units 2. Large Motor Units{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] No. of Fibers 1. Small Motor Units 2. Large Motor Units{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Recruitment Prioritization 1. Small Motor Units 2. Large Motor Units{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Large Motor Units are primarily fiber type {{c1::II}}
Published	07/30/2024	Small Motor Units are primarily fiber type {{c1::I}}
Published	07/30/2024	Type 1 (Slow Oxidative)Type IIA (Fast Glycolitic Oxidative)Type IIB (Fast Glycolytic) Diameter{{c1::Small}}{{c1::Intermediate}}{{c1::L…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Type I (Slow Oxidative)}} - The most important function of these muscle fibers is to maintain posture
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Type II}} - Generally most muscles in the body are made out of these fibers
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. PCSA 2. Muscle Force{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	2 most important characteristics of muscles that affect function:{{c1::Muscle fiber lengthPCSA}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Endomysium::Muscular Connective Tissues}} - Covers the individual fibers
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Perimysium::Muscular Connective Tissues}} - Covers a group of fibers (fascicles)
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Epimysium::Muscular Connective Tissues}} - Envelops entire muscle
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Passive}} Tension - Tension is developed in the parallel elastic component (non-contractile) of the muscle. Created by lengthening the musc…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Titin}} – accounts for the stiffness of the muscle
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Active}} Tension - Tension developed by the contractile elements (actin and myosin) of the muscle. Depends on neural factors and mechanical…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Active}} Insufficiency - A decrease in the torque produced by the muscle when the full ROM is attempted simultaneously at all joints crosse…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Passive}} Insufficiency - ROM is limited by the length of the muscle
Published	07/30/2024	Total tension developed by muscle fiber = {{c1::Passive Tension}} + {{c1::Active Tension}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] In Concentric Muscle Contraction 1. Shortening Speed 2. Muscle Tension{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] In Isometric Muscle Contraction 1. Shortening Speed 2. Muscle Tension{{c1::C}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] In Eccentric Muscle Contraction 1. Shortening Speed 2. Muscle Tension{{c1::A, then plateaus}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Moment Arm length 2. Torque generation{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	During isometric contraction, tendon may lengthen up to {{c1::10}}% of resting length
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Compliance}} - Ability to lengthen under load
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Tendon Compliance 2. Muscle Force Generation{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Isokinetic muscle}} contraction - Angular velocity of the bony component is preset and kept CONSTANT by a mechanical device throughout a joint R…
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Resistance 2. Torque produced at all points of ROM{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Agonist}} - prime mover (PM). Role is to produce a desired action
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Antagonist}} - Role is opposite the desired action/movement
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Synergist}} - Muscles that help agonists directly to perform the desired action by stabilizing intermediate joints
Published	07/30/2024	A synergist muscle has to be weaker than the Prime mover{{c1::F::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	A synergist muscle can assist agonist indirectly by stabilizing a part or preventing an undesired action{{c1::T::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	Agonist and antagonist may act synergistically to produce a pure motion{{c1::T::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	Muscle function in the upper extremities, trunk, and hip{{c1::Anterior}} to the joint - {{c2::Flexor}}
Published	07/30/2024	Muscle function in the upper extremities, trunk, and hip{{c1::Posterior}} to the joint - {{c2::Extensors}}
Published	07/30/2024	Muscle function in the upper extremities, trunk, and hip{{c1::Lateral}} to the joint - {{c2::Abductors}}
Published	07/30/2024	Muscle function in the upper extremities, trunk, and hip{{c1::Medial}} to the joint - {{c2::Adductors}}
Published	07/30/2024	Muscles whose distal attachments are {{c1::close::close/far}} to a joint axis are usually able to produce a wide ROM
Published	07/30/2024	Muscles whose distal attachments are {{c1::far::close/far}} from the joint axis are designed to provide stability for the joint
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Recruitment prioritization 1. Single-joint muscles 2. Multi-joint muscles{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)::Muscle Sensory Receptor}}Location: {{c2::myotendinous junction}}Sensitive to {{c3::tension}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Muscle Spindle (Intrafusal Muscle Fiber)::Muscle Sensory Receptor}}Location: {{c2::muscle belly}}Sensitive to {{c3::changes in the length and ve…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)::Muscle Sensory Receptor}}causes an inhibition of the muscle contraction or to cause muscle relaxation to protects the …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Deep Tendon Reflex (DTR) or Muscle Spindle Reflex (MSR)}} - Quick stretch of the muscle caused by tapping the tendon activates the muscle s…
Published	07/30/2024	Swelling of joint capsule and pain causes reflex inhibition of muscles{{c1::T::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Feed-Forward Control}} - An anticipatory control of muscle action. Relies on {{c2::visual and auditory systems}} to anticipate the control …
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Muscle Immobilization at SHORTENED position 2. No. of sarcomeres{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Muscle Immobilization at LENGTHENED position 2. No. of sarcomeres{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Muscle Immobilization at LENGTHENED position 2. Sarcomere Length{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Muscle Immobilization at SHORTENED position 2. Sarcomere Length{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Muscle Immobilization 2. Connective Tissue content in muscle{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Muscle Immobilization at SHORTENED position 2. Mass{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Muscle Immobilization at LENGTHENED position 2. Mass{{c1::A then B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Muscle Immobilization at LENGTHENED position 2. maximum tension generating capacity{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	With muscle Immobilization at SHORTENED position, collagen fibril orientation becomes more {{c1::circumferential}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS)}} - Severe pain developed by patients who have {{c2::eccentric::type of contraction}} exercise-induced musc…
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Age (>50 years old) 2. Muscle power and strength{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Proportion of Type I to Type II Muscle fibers 1. Active geriatrics 2. inactive geriatrics{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Sarcopenia}} - loss of muscle fiber and decrease in size of existing fibers
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Age 2. Motor Units{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Age 2. Number of fibers per motor unit{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Muscles of the Knee Joint & Lower MusclesMuscles that cross the knee joint {{c1::anteriorly}} - {{c2::extensors}}
Published	07/30/2024	Muscles of the Knee Joint & Lower MusclesMuscles that cross the knee joint {{c1::posteriorly}} - {{c2::flexors}}
Published	07/30/2024	Falls in elderly due to:Loss of {{c1::muscle power}}Loss of {{c2::ability to contract the muscle}} with high force and high velocity
Published	07/30/2024	Resistance exercise training in the elderly causes an increase in:{{c1::size & number of muscle fibers}}{{c2::strength and functional performance}…
Published	07/30/2024	Both overuse injury and muscle strain mostly occur at the {{c1::musculotendinous junction}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Overuse injury}} - due to repetitive trauma leading to microtrauma (triggers inflammation and swelling)
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Muscle strain}} - occurs from a single high forceful contraction leading to localized bleeding, concomitant inflammation, swelling, redness, pai…
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