Notes in ✧ Electron Transport Chain

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Published	01/14/2024	Nitroprusside is associated with {{c1::cyanide}} poisoning, which may present as- {{c2::lactic acidosis}}- {{c2::seizures}}- altered mental status
Published	01/14/2024	Succinate is converted to {{c1::fumarate}} via the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase
Published	01/14/2024	Conversion of succinate into fumarate produces a molecule of {{c1::FADH2}}
Published	01/14/2024	How much ATP is produced from one molecule of NADH via ATP synthase (ETC)? {{c1::2.5 ATP}}
Published	01/14/2024	How much ATP is produced from one molecule of FADH2 via ATP synthase (ETC)? {{c1::1.5 ATP}}
Published	01/14/2024	Where in the cell does oxidative phosporylation take place?{{c1::Mitochondria}}
Published	01/14/2024	NADH electrons from glycolysis enter the mitochondria via the {{c1::malate-aspartate}} or {{c2::glycerol-3-phosphate}} shuttle
Published	01/14/2024	FADH2 electrons from glycolysis are transferred to {{c1::complex II}} of the ETC, also known as succinate dehydrogenase
Published	01/14/2024	Electrons from complex {{c1::I}} and {{c1::II}} of the ETC are transferred to {{c3::Coenzyme Q}}, also known as {{c4::ubiquinone}}
Published	01/14/2024	Electrons from coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) of the ETC are transferred to complex {{c1::III (Cyto b/c1)::2 names}}
Published	01/14/2024	Electrons from complex III of the ETC are transferred to {{c1::cytochrome C}}
Published	01/14/2024	Electrons from cytochrome C of the ETC are transferred to complex {{c1::IV (Cyto a/a3)::2 names}}
Published	01/14/2024	In complex {{c2::IV}}, {{c1::Fe3+}} accepts electrons, forming {{c1::Fe2+}}, which then donates the electrons to {{c3::oxygen (forming H2O)}}
Published	01/14/2024	The passage of electrons in the ETC results in the formation of a(n) {{c1::proton}} gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane
Published	01/14/2024	In the ETC, protons travel down their gradient through the {{c1::F0/F1 ATP Synthase}} pump, generating {{c2::ATP}} and {{c2::heat}}
Published	01/14/2024	ATP is transferred from mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space through the {{c1::ATP/ADP translocase}} antiporter (electron transport chain)
Published	01/14/2024	{{c1::Rotenone}} is an insectiside that inhibits complex {{c2::I}} of the ETC
Published	01/14/2024	What class of drugs may bind to and inhibit complex I of the ETC?{{c1::Barbiturates}}
Published	01/14/2024	{{c1::Antimycin A}} is an inhibitor of complex {{c2::III}} of the ETC
Published	01/14/2024	{{c1::Carbon monoxide}}, {{c2::cyanide}} and sodium {{c4::azide}} are inhibitors of complex {{c3::IV}} of the ETC
Published	01/14/2024	{{c2::Cyanide}} may inhibit the ETC by binding {{c1::Fe3+}}, preventing transfer of electrons to O2 in complex IV
Published	01/14/2024	One treatment for cyanide poisoning is {{c1::amyl nitrite}}, which induces methemoglobinemia
Published	01/14/2024	One treatment for cyanide poisoning is {{c1::sodium thiosulfate}}, which helps restore rhodanese-mediated metabolism of cyanide to thiocyanate
Published	01/14/2024	One treatment for cyanide poisoning is vitamin {{c1::(hydroxycobalamin) B12}} which may bind cyanide
Published	01/14/2024	{{c2::Carbon monoxide}} may inhibit the ETC by binding {{c1::Fe2+}}, preventing transfer of electrons to O2 in complex IV
Published	01/14/2024	{{c1::Oligomycin}} is an inhibitor of {{c2::ATP synthase}} of the ETC
Published	01/14/2024	2,4-dinitrophenol is a(n) {{c1::uncoupling agent}} of oxidative phosphorylation
Published	01/14/2024	What uncoupling agent of oxidative phosphorylation is used illicitly for weight loss? {{c1::2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP)}}
Published	01/14/2024	In high doses, {{c1::aspirin}} may act as an uncoupling agent of oxidative phosphorylation
Published	01/14/2024	{{c1::Thermogenin}} in brown fat may act as a(n) {{c2::uncoupling}} agent of oxidative phosphorylation
Published	01/14/2024	What is the cause of death in a patient that overdosed on an uncoupling agent (e.g. 2,4-DNP)?{{c1::Hyperthermia}}
Published	01/14/2024	Electron transport inhibitors cause a(n) {{c1::decreased}} proton gradient and block of ATP synthesis
Published	01/14/2024	ATP synthase inhibitors cause a(n) {{c1::increased}} proton gradient and a block of ATP synthesis
Published	01/14/2024	Uncoupling agents cause a(n) {{c1::decreased}} proton gradient and a block of ATP synthesis
Published	01/14/2024	What is the effect of uncoupling agents (ETC) on O2 consumption? {{c1::Increased}}
Published	01/14/2024	Does electron transport continue with electron transport inhibitors (e.g. CO, CN)? {{c1::No}}
Published	01/14/2024	Does electron transport continue with ATP synthase inhibitors (e.g. oligomycin)? {{c1::No}}
Published	01/14/2024	Does electron transport continue with uncoupling agents (e.g. 2,4-DNP)? {{c1::Yes**}}
Published	01/14/2024	After oxaloacetate has been formed from pyruvate (gluconeogenesis), it may exit the mitochondria and enter the cytosol via the {{c1::malate}} shuttle
Published	01/14/2024	Which poisonous substance is characterized by a "bitter almond" odor? {{c1::Cyanide}}
Published	01/14/2024	Aerobic metabolism of glucose produces {{c1::32}} net ATP via the {{c2::malate-aspartate}} shuttle (heart and liver)
Published	01/14/2024	Aerobic metabolism of glucose produces {{c1::30}} net ATP via the {{c2::glycerol-3-phosphate}} shuttle (muscle)
Published	01/14/2024	Which mitochondrial membrane contains the electron transport chain? {{c1::Inner mitochondrial membrane}}
Published	01/14/2024	Carbon Monoxide poisoning is associated with which cardiac pathology?{{c1::Myocarditis}}
Published	01/14/2024	Cyanide poisoning is usually due to {{c1::inhalation}} injury
Published	01/14/2024	Cyanide inhibits {{c1::aerobic}} metabolism, resulting in hypoxia unresponsive to {{c2::supplemental O2}}
Published	01/14/2024	Patients with cyanide poisoning present with an "almond" breath odor and {{c1::reddish}} skin discoloration
Published	01/14/2024	Many patients with inhalation injury present secondary to {{c1::burns}}, CO inhalation, cyanide poisoning, or {{c2::arsenic}} poisoning
Published	01/14/2024	Patients with cyanide poisoning have a(n) {{c1::narrowing}} of the venous-arterial PO2 gradient
Published	01/14/2024	{{c1::Cyanide}} poisoning may occur through the ingestion of {{c2::amygdalin}}, which is a glucoside found in apricot seeds
Published	01/14/2024	{{c2::Carbon monoxide}} poisoning is classically associated with bilateral {{c1::globus pallidus}} lesions on MRI
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