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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	03/06/2025	Sources of international law
Published	03/06/2025	In case of conflict between TREATY and DOMESTIC LAW, which prevails? (New rule: Pangilinan)
Published	03/06/2025	What if the conflict is between custom, general principles of law, and a domestic statute? Which will prevail?
Published	03/06/2025	Relevance of  the concept of the definition of a treaty
Published	03/12/2025	How is the text of a treaty adopted?
Published	03/06/2025	How can consent of the state be expressed?
Published	03/06/2025	When does ratification take effect?
Published	03/06/2025	When is consent expressed by signature of a representative?
Published	03/06/2025	When is consent expressed by ratification?
Published	03/06/2025	Is ratification required under international law even though domestic law requires it?
Published	03/06/2025	What is accession and when can it apply?
Published	03/06/2025	When does a treaty enter into force?
Published	03/06/2025	When does a multilateral treaty enter into force?
Published	03/06/2025	What happens when a treaty or international agremeent is not registered with the Secretariat and published by it in accordance with Art. 102 of the UN…
Published	03/06/2025	Reservation, defined
Published	03/06/2025	Views on judging the effect of reservations
Published	03/06/2025	When are reservations prohibited?
Published	03/06/2025	Does an expressly authorized reservation require subsequent acceptance by other states?
Published	03/12/2025	When is acceptance by all contracting states required when it comes to reservations?
Published	03/06/2025	When does a reservation require the acceptance of the competent organ of an organization?
Published	03/12/2025	What is the general rule of treaty interpretation under Article 31 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties?
Published	03/06/2025	What constitutes the "context" of a treaty under Article 31(2)?
Published	03/06/2025	What additional elements must be considered in treaty interpretation under Article 31(3)?
Published	03/12/2025	When can a term in a treaty be given a special meaning under Article 31(4)?
Published	03/06/2025	When can supplementary means of interpretation under Article 32 be used?
Published	03/06/2025	What are examples of supplementary means of interpretation under Article 32?
Published	03/06/2025	When does an obligation arise for a third State under Article 35 of the VCLT?
Published	03/06/2025	When does a right arise for a third State under Article 36 of the VCLT?
Published	03/06/2025	What must a third State do when exercising a treaty right under Article 36(2)?
Published	03/12/2025	Under Article 37(1), when can a third State’s obligation under a treaty be revoked or modified?
Published	03/12/2025	Under Article 37(2), when can a third State’s right under a treaty be revoked or modified?
Published	03/06/2025	What does Article 31(1) of the VCLT prioritize in treaty interpretation?
Published	03/06/2025	Does the VCLT allow for restrictive interpretation?
Published	03/06/2025	How is "context" defined under Article 31(1)?
Published	03/06/2025	Why do subsequent practice arguments often fail before international courts?
Published	03/06/2025	When should a rule of international law not be considered in treaty interpretation?
Published	03/06/2025	How should an undefined treaty term be interpreted?
Published	03/06/2025	What is the significance of jus cogens in treaty interpretation?
Published	03/06/2025	What does Article 32 of the VCLT say about the use of preparatory work in treaty interpretation?
Published	03/06/2025	What is the threshold for using Article 32 preparatory work?
Published	03/12/2025	When is a treaty void under Article 51 of the VCLT?
Published	03/12/2025	When is a treaty void under Article 52 of the VCLT?
Published	03/06/2025	When is a treaty void under Article 53 of the VCLT?
Published	03/06/2025	What is jus cogens under Article 53?
Published	03/06/2025	When can a State invoke error to invalidate its consent to a treaty?
Published	03/06/2025	When is error NOT a valid ground for invalidating a treaty?
Published	03/06/2025	Does an error in the wording of a treaty affect its validity?
Published	03/06/2025	When can a State invoke fraud as a ground for invalidating a treaty?
Published	03/06/2025	How does fraud affect a treaty’s validity?
Published	03/06/2025	When can a treaty be invalidated due to corruption?
Published	03/06/2025	Effect of reservation that is ProhibitedNot one of those specifically allowed
Published	03/06/2025	A reservation expressly authorized by a treaty {{c1::does not require any subsequent acceptance}} by the other contracting States {{c1::unless the tre…
Published	03/06/2025	Instance wherein acceptance of the reservation from ALL of the parties is required
Published	03/06/2025	Instance wherein reservaiton requires the acceptance of the competent organ of that organization
Published	03/12/2025	Effect of acceptance of reservationAcceptance by another contracting State of a reservation constitutes the reserving State {{c1::a party to the treat…
Published	03/06/2025	Unless the treaty otherwise provides, when is a reservation considered to have been accepted by a state?
Published	03/12/2025	When can a reservation be withdrawn?Unless the treaty otherewise provides, {{c1::a reservation may be withdrawn at any time}} and {{c1::the …
Published	03/06/2025	When can an objection to a reservation be withdrawn?
Published	03/06/2025	the withdrawal of a reservation becomes operative in relation to another contracting State {{c1::only when notice of it has been received by that Stat…
Published	03/06/2025	Form of reservation, acceptance and objection to a reservation
Published	03/06/2025	If a reservation is formulated when signing the treaty subject to ratification, acceptance or approval, it must be {{c1::formally confirmed by the res…
Published	03/06/2025	An express acceptance of, or an objection to, a reservation made previously to confirmation of the reservation {{c1::does not itself require con…
Published	03/10/2025	Under Article 42(1) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT), how can the validity of a treaty or a State’s consent to be bound be chall…
Published	03/10/2025	Can a State invoke its internal law to invalidate its consent to a treaty?
Published	03/10/2025	When is a violation of internal law considered manifest under Article 46(2) VCLT?
Published	03/10/2025	What happens if a State representative enters a treaty against a specific restriction imposed by their government?
Published	03/10/2025	What is the general rule on treaty termination?
Published	03/10/2025	What are the two ways a treaty can be terminated under Articles 54(a) and (b) VCLT?
Published	03/10/2025	Can treaty termination be implied?
Published	03/12/2025	When is unilateral withdrawal from a treaty allowed? (Article 56 VCLT)
Published	03/10/2025	What is required before withdrawal under Article 56(2) VCLT?
Published	03/10/2025	Is termination automatic after a material breach?
Published	03/10/2025	Why is termination for material breach more complex in multilateral treaties?
Published	03/10/2025	what happens if one party materially breaches a bilateral treaty?
Published	03/12/2025	Under Article 60(2) VCLT, what are the three ways other States can react to a material breach in a multilateral treaty?
Published	03/10/2025	How does Article 60(5) VCLT limit the application of material breach rules?
Published	03/10/2025	When can a treaty be terminated due to impossibility of performance under Articles 61(1) & (2) VCLT?
Published	03/10/2025	Can temporary impossibility justify termination?
Published	03/10/2025	What is the doctrine of rebus sic stantibus?
Published	03/10/2025	Can a party invoke impossibility if it caused the impossibility through a treaty violation?
Published	03/10/2025	What are the two conditions under Article 62 VCLT for invoking rebus sic stantibus?
Published	03/12/2025	When can rebus sic stantibus NOT be invoked? (Two instances under Article 62 VCLT)
Status	Last Update	Fields