Notes in 1. CVS 1&2

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Published	02/10/2024	CVS Overview:• {{c1::Heart}} = pump • Blood vessels [1]  {{c1::Arteries}} – distribute blood from heart [2] {{c1::Capillaries}} – exchange …
Published	02/10/2024	Heart lies in {{c1::middle}} mediastinum
Published	02/10/2024	The mediastinum lies between the {{c1::right and left pleurae}}.It extends from the sternum in front to the vertebral column behind, and contains all …
Published	02/10/2024	Anatomical Relations of Heart:{{c1::Anteriorly}} → {{c2::Sternum & costal cartilages 4-7}}{{c1::Posteriorly}} → {{c2::Oesophag…
Published	02/10/2024	Heart lies anterior to vertebrae {{c1::T5-T8}}
Published	02/10/2024	Apex of the heart is located at the {{c1::5th}} left intercostal space in the midclavicular line formed from LV.
Published	02/10/2024	The heart has four borders:{{c1::Right border}}: = {{c2::RA}} {{c1::Left border}}: = {{c2::LV}} {{c1::Superior border}}: = {{c2::atria/auricles}} + …
Published	02/10/2024	The heart has three surfaces:{{c1::Anterior (Sternocostal) surface}}: = {{c2::1/3 RA}} + {{c2::2/3 RV & LV}} {{c1::Inferior (Diaphragmatic) surfa…
Published	02/10/2024	There are two pericardia:{{c1::Fibrous}}: Dense connective tissue sac {{c1::Serous}}: Outer parietal layer & Inner visceral layer = Epicardium
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::inner/visceral}} layer of serous pericardium is called the {{c2::epicardium}} which forms the outermost layer of heart wall.
Published	02/10/2024	The heart has two major sulci that contain the branches of the coronary arteries:[1] {{c1::Coronary (atrioventricular)}} sulcus - between the atria an…
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::coronary sulcus}} separates the atria from the ventricles and houses the {{c2::coronary arteries}} and {{c2::coronary sinus}}.
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::dorsal coronary sinus (groove)}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::ventral coronary groove}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::anterior interventricular groove}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Fibrous pericardium}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Visceral serous pericardium/Epicardium}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Right coronary artery}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Left coronary artery}}
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::right coronary artery}} arises from the {{c2::right aortic sinus}} of the ascending aorta and runs in coronary (atrioventriuclar) sulcus.
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::left coronary artery}} arises from the {{c2::left aortic sinus}} of the ascending aorta and runs in coronary (atrioventriuclar) sulcus.
Published	02/10/2024	At the inferior margin of heart, the {{c1::right coronary artery}} gives off the {{c2::right marginal artery}}
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::left coronary artery}} divides into the {{c2::left anterior descending artery/anterior interventricular artery}} in the interventricular sul…
Published	02/10/2024	On the posterior surface of the heart, the {{c1::right coronary artery}} gives off the {{c2::posterior descending artery/posterior interventricular ar…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Anastomoses}} are junctions of vessels, two occur in the heart between:[1] {{c1::Anterior descending artery/anterior interventricular artery}} +…
Published	02/10/2024	Coronary (crown) arterial supply of the heart:[1] {{c1::Right coronary artery gives off (marginal artery & posterior descending artery)}}[2] {{c1:…
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Published	02/10/2024	Venous drainage of the heart (Cardiac Veins):[1] {{c1::Great cardiac}} vein lies alongside {{c2::anterior interventricular artery}}[2] {{c1:…
Published	02/10/2024	Most of the cardiac veins drain into the {{c1::coronary sinus}} which lies alongside the circumflex artery and drains into the {{c2::right atrium}}Exc…
Published	02/10/2024	The intrinsic innervation of the heart is set by the autorhythmic cells (Purkinje cells) found in the {{c1::SA node}}.Pathway: {{c1::SA node → AV…
Published	02/10/2024	The extrinsic innervation to the heart consists of:[1] {{c1::Phrenic nerve}} - from C3-C5 innervates the fibrous pericardium and parietal layer o…
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::phrenic nerve}} originates from C3-C5 and innervates the {{c2::fibrous pericardium}} and {{c2::parietal layer of serous pericardium}}.&…
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::Vagus nerve}} is the parasympathetic innervation to the {{c2::heart}} and {{c2::visceral layer of serous pericardium}}.
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::Sympathetic nerves}} originate from the {{c2::cervical and upper thoracic sympathetic ganglia (T1-T4)}} and innervate {{c3::heart}} and {{c3…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Dextrocardia}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Cardiomegaly}}
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Published	02/10/2024	The entrance of deoxygenated blood to the right atrium is through:{{c1::Coronary sinus}} coming from the heart venous drainage{{c1::SVC}} coming from …
Published	02/10/2024	The entrance of oxygenated blood to the left atrium is through:{{c1::Left pulmonary veins}} coming from the left lung{{c1::Right pulmonary veins}} com…
Published	02/10/2024	Cross-sectional anatomy of heart:{{c1::Left atrium}} → lying near the esophagus and the aorta{{c1::Right ventricle}} → lies near the sternum
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Fossa Ovalis}} is an embryological remenant of a small hole in the interatrial septum called {{c2::Foramen Ovale}}.
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::pectinate muscles (musculi pectinati)}} are parallel musclar ridges that lie near the {{c2::Crista Terminalis}} in the right atriu…
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::Tricuspid}} valve in the right ventricle is attached to the three {{c2::Papillary}} muscles via the Chordae tendineae.
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::Trabeculae carneae}} are contractile fleshy struts in the right ventricle that prevent suction, which would occur with a flat surface.
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::Moderator band (Septomarginal trabeculum)}} is a structure in the right ventricle that:[1] Holds the anterior wall of the right ventric…
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::interventricular septum}} is a structure that separates between the right and left ventricle.
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::bicuspid (mitral) valve}} is between the {{c2::left atrium and the left ventricle}}.The {{c1::tricuspid valve}} is between the {{c2::right a…
Published	02/10/2024	There are {{c1::three}} papillary muscles in the right ventricle and {{c1::two}} larger papillary muscles in the left ventricle.
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::left atrium}} forms the base of the heart.
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::Bicuspid (Mitral)}} valve in the left ventricle is attached to the two {{c2::Papillary}} muscles via the Chordae tendineae.
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::left ventricle}} forms the apex of the heart.
Published	02/10/2024	The left ventricular wall is {{c1::three}} times thicker than the right ventricular wall.
Published	02/10/2024	Heart valves – location and sites of auscultationP → A → M → T[1] {{c1::Pulmonary valve}}: 2nd left intercostal space next to sternum[2] {{c1::Ao…
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::Pulmonary}} valve is located at the {{c2::2nd left}} intercostal space next to sternum.
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::Aortic}} valve is located at the {{c2::2nd right}} intercostal space next to sternum.
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::Mitral}} valve is located at the {{c2::5th left}} intercostal space & midclavicular line.
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::Tricuspid}} valve is located at the {{c2::5th left}} intercostal space next to sternum.
Published	02/10/2024	The main vessels of the anterior chest wall:Origin → Subclavian artery → {{c1::Internal Thoracic artery}} → gives off {{c2::anterior intercostal …
Published	02/10/2024	The main vessels of the posterior chest wall and Trunk:[1] {{c1::Descending Aorta}}[2] {{c1::SVC & IVC}}[3] {{c1::Azygos vein}} → drains the poste…
Published	02/10/2024	The main arteries of the Upper Limb:Aorta → {{c1::Subclavian}} → {{c1::Axillary}} → {{c1::Brachial}} → {{c2::Radial}} & {{c2::Ulnar}} → {{c2::Digi…
Published	02/10/2024	Subclavian artery becomes {{c1::axillary artery}} at lateral border of {{c2::1st rib}}.
Published	02/10/2024	Brachial artery divides into {{c1::radial}} and {{c1::ulnar}} in {{c2::cubital fossa}}
Published	02/10/2024	The superficial veins of the Upper Limb:{{c1::Cephalic}} vein → Lateral side{{c1::Basilic}} vein → Medial side{{c2::Median cubital…
Published	02/10/2024	The main arteries of the Lower Limb:Aorta → {{c1::External Iliac}} → {{c1::Common Femoral}} → {{c1::Superficial Femoral}} & {{c1::Deep Femoral}}→ …
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Anterior Tibial}} continues down anteriorly to dorsum of foot where it becomes the {{c2::dorsalis pedis}} between 1st & 2nd toes.
Published	02/10/2024	The superficial veins of the Lower Limb:{{c1::Long saphenous}} vein travels up the limb medially to drain into {{c2::Femoral vein}} {{c1::Short saphe…
Published	02/10/2024	The main arterial Pulse Points of the body:Superficial Temporal and Facial = branches of external carotid Common Carotid = branch of aortic arch Bra…
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::oseophagus}} lies directly posterior to the heart then the descending aorta.
Published	02/10/2024	The abdominal aorta ends at {{c1::L4}} vertebrae.The thoracic aorta ends at {{c1::T12}} vertebrae.
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