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Notes in 01 RBC Disorders

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Published 07/30/2024 The {{c1::Coulter Principle or Electrical Impedance Principle}} is the most widely used method by automated hematology analyzers
Published 07/30/2024 The expected RBC count in IDA erythropoiesis is {{c1::N::↑/↓/N}}
Published 07/30/2024 The expected RBC count in Thalassemia is {{c1::↑::↑/↓/N}}
Published 07/30/2024 ↑ Hgb and ↑ Hematocrit, think of {{c1::dehydration or polycythemia}}↓ Hgb and ↓ Hematocrit, think of {{c1::anemia, leukemia, lymphoma (ALL)}}
Published 07/30/2024 Aside from dehydration and polycythemia, give 2 conditions that cause ↑ Hgb to think about{{c1::CHF, COPD}}
Published 07/30/2024 Aside from anemia, leukemia, and lymphoma, give other causes of ↑ hematocrit to think about{{c1::Kidney failureChronic inflammatory conditionsPregnanc…
Published 07/30/2024 Normal Values: MicrohematocritAdult M: {{c1::0.41-0.51}}Adult F: {{c1::0.36-0.45}}
Published 07/30/2024 Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) = {{c1::SD of Red Cell Volume / Mean Corpuscular Volume}}
Published 07/30/2024 ↑ Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW), think of{{c1::HemoglobinopathiesMyelodysplastic SyndromeChronic Liver DiseaseVitamin B12 or Folate Deficiency::4}…
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::Anisocytosis}} - Differences in the sizes of RBCs and is measured by {{c2::RDW}}
Published 07/30/2024 Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) = {{c1::\(\frac{Hematocrit\;(\%)*10}{RBCs*10^{12}/L}\)}}
Published 07/30/2024 Normal Values: MCVNormocytic: {{c1::82-92 fL}}
Published 07/30/2024 Normal Values: MCHNormochromic: {{c1::27-31 pg}}
Published 07/30/2024 Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) = {{c1::\(\frac{Hgb\;(g/dL)*10}{RBCs*10^{12}/L}\)}}
Published 07/30/2024 ↑ MCH, think of {{c1::Newborn, Macrocytic anemia}}↓ MCH, think of {{c1::IDA}}
Published 07/30/2024 Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) = {{c1::\(\frac{Hemoglobin\;(g/dL)*100}{Hematocrit\;(\%)}\)}}
Published 07/30/2024 Normal Values: MCHCNormochromic: {{c1::33-38%}}
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::MCHC::CBC assessment}} does not have a hyper category because normal RBCs already have the maximum value for this assessment
Published 07/30/2024 If you see Microcytic, Hypochromic Anemia, Think of the following conditions:{{c1::ThalassemiaAnemia of Chronic DiseaseIDAHemoglobinopathies (Lead Poi…
Published 07/30/2024 If you see Normocytic, Normochromic Anemia, Think of the following conditions:{{c1::acute post-Hemorrhagic anemiaHemolytic anemiaAplastic anemia and p…
Published 07/30/2024 If you see Macrocytic Anemia, Think of the following conditions:{{c1::Vitamin B12 or Folate Deficiency}}
Published 07/30/2024 Reticulocytes = {{c1::\(\frac{\#\;of\;Reticulocytes\;counted*100}{1000\;RBCs}\)}}
Published 07/30/2024 Normal Values: ReticulocytesNormochromic: {{c1::0.5-1.5% (5-15x10^-3)}}
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c1::Reticulocyte count::CBC Assessment}} is an index of bone marrow activity or effective erythropoiesis
Published 07/30/2024 ↑ Reticulocytes, think of ↑ Erythropoiesis in blood loss↓ Reticulocytes, think of {{c1::Bone Marrow Aplasia, ↓ EPO, Nutritional Deficiency}}
Published 07/30/2024 The Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) is a useful nonspecific marker of {{c1::inflammation}}
Published 07/30/2024 Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) is measured using the {{c1::Westergren method or Modified Westergren}} method reported in {{c2::mm/hour}}
Published 07/30/2024 [VR]1. Surface Area:Volume2. ESR{{c1::B}}
Published 07/30/2024 [VR]1. RBC Aggregate Weight2. ESR{{c1::A}}
Published 07/30/2024 If ↑ ESR, think of {{c1::Rouleaux formation, Macrocytes::PBS finding}}If ↓ ESR, think of {{c1::Sickle cells, Spherocytes, Microcytes::PBS finding}}
Published 07/30/2024 RBC’s Central pallor should be {{c1::⅓::fraction}} of the cell
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::Spherocytes}} have the lowest SA:Volume ratio of any RBC morphological type
Published 07/30/2024 SpherocytesDefect: {{c1::Na-K ATPase → Swelling}}Morphological Appearance: {{c1::Small::Small/Bigg}}er w/ more concentrated Hgb and no central pa…
Published 07/30/2024 SpherocytesThink of: {{c1::Post-transfusion, Immune-induced hemolysis}}, Hereditary spherocytosis
Published 07/30/2024 [Identify] (TAKE THE TIME TO LOOK AT ALL IMAGES){{c1::Spherocytes}}
Published 07/30/2024 [Identify] (TAKE THE TIME TO LOOK AT ALL IMAGES){{c1::Echinocytes (Burr Cells)}}
Published 07/30/2024 Echinocytes (Burr Cells)Defect: {{c1::ATP depletion, Hypertonic Solution, Artifact during air drying in PBS preparation}}Morphological Appearance:&nbs…
Published 07/30/2024 Echinocytes (Burr Cells)Think of: {{c1::Severe Anemia, Uremia & Chronic Renal Failure, Hepatitis & Cirrhosis}}
Published 07/30/2024 Acanthocytes (Spur Cells)Defect: {{c1::Abnormally crenated RBCs, ↑ Cholesterol:Lecithin Ratio}}Think of: {{c1::Abetalipoproteinemia, Hemolytic An…
Published 07/30/2024 [Identify] (TAKE THE TIME TO LOOK AT ALL IMAGES){{c1::Acanthocytes (Spur Cells)}}
Published 07/30/2024 [Identify] (TAKE THE TIME TO LOOK AT ALL IMAGES){{c1::Schistocytes}}
Published 07/30/2024 Acanthocytes (Spur Cells)Morphological Appearance: {{c1::Spheroid with 3-12 irregular spike spicules}}
Published 07/30/2024 SchistocytesDefect: {{c1::Trapping of the RBC between a violently opposed mechanical surface caused by fibrin, altered blood vessel walls or prostheti…
Published 07/30/2024 SchistocytesMorphological Appearance: {{c1::Helmet-shaped RBC fragments}}
Published 07/30/2024 ElliptocytesMorphological Appearance: {{c1::Rod or cigar shaped cells}}
Published 07/30/2024 ElliptocytesDefect: {{c1::Polarization of hemoglobin}}
Published 07/30/2024 ElliptocytesThink of: {{c1::Thalassemia, IDA}}, hereditary elliptocytosis
Published 07/30/2024 [Identify] (TAKE THE TIME TO LOOK AT ALL IMAGES){{c1::Elliptocytes}}
Published 07/30/2024 [Identify] (TAKE THE TIME TO LOOK AT ALL IMAGES){{c1::Codocyte (Target Cells)}}
Published 07/30/2024 Codocyte (Target Cells)Defect: RBCs with dark circle at the central pallor reflecting a redundant membrane resembling a targetThink of: {{c1::Hb C dis…
Published 07/30/2024 StomatocytesDefect: {{c1::Artifact of slow drying, Known to have increased permeability to Na::2}}
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::Stomato}}cytesMorphological Appearance: RBCs with a central mouth, which appear as an unstained central biconcave area
Published 07/30/2024 StomatocytesThink of: {{c1::Alcoholism, Liver Disease::2}}, Hereditary Stomatocytosis
Published 07/30/2024 [Identify] (TAKE THE TIME TO LOOK AT ALL IMAGES){{c1::Stomatocytes}}
Published 07/30/2024 [Identify] (TAKE THE TIME TO LOOK AT ALL IMAGES){{c1::Drepanocytes (Sickle Cells)}}
Published 07/30/2024 Drepanocytes (Sickle Cell)Defect: {{c1::Polymerization of deoxygenated Hgb}}Morphological Appearance: Crescent shape cell, Lacks a central pallorThink…
Published 07/30/2024 Dacryocytes (Teardrop Cells)Defect: {{c1::RBCs are squeezed and fragmented as they pass through the spleen}}Morphological Appearance: Teardrop or pear…
Published 07/30/2024 Dacryocytes (Teardrop Cells)Think of: {{c1::Myeloid metaplasia, Thalassemia, Megaloblastic anemia, Hypersplenism}}
Published 07/30/2024 [Identify] (TAKE THE TIME TO LOOK AT ALL IMAGES){{c1::Dacryocytes (Teardrop Cells)}}
Published 07/30/2024 SiderocytesDefect: {{c1::Defective heme or protoporphyrin synthesis, Excessive iron overloading in mitochondria of normoblasts (erythroid precursors)}…
Published 07/30/2024 SiderocytesThink of: {{c1::Hemolytic anemia, Asplenia (After splenectomy)::2}}, sideroblastic anemia
Published 07/30/2024 [Identify] (TAKE THE TIME TO LOOK AT ALL IMAGES){{c1::Siderocytes}}
Published 07/30/2024 [Identify] (TAKE THE TIME TO LOOK AT ALL IMAGES){{c1::Degmacytes (Bite Cells)}}
Published 07/30/2024 Degmacytes (Bite Cells)Defect: {{c1::Denatured hemoglobin (Heinz bodies)}}Morphological Appearance: Sharp bite-like defects where a {{c1::Heinz body}}…
Published 07/30/2024 Basophilic Stippling (Gray-Black Granules)Fine granules represent {{c1::polychromasia (reticulocytes)}}Coarse granules represents {{c1::impaired eryth…
Published 07/30/2024 Basophilic Stippling (Gray-Black Granules)Think of: {{c1::Lead poisoning, Thalassemia, Hemolytic anemias}}
Published 07/30/2024 [Identify] (TAKE THE TIME TO LOOK AT ALL IMAGES){{c1::Basophilic Stippling (Gray-Black Granules)}}
Published 07/30/2024 [Identify] (TAKE THE TIME TO LOOK AT ALL IMAGES){{c1::Pappenheimer Bodies}}
Published 07/30/2024 [Identify] (TAKE THE TIME TO LOOK AT ALL IMAGES){{c1::Heinz Bodies}}
Published 07/30/2024 [Identify] (TAKE THE TIME TO LOOK AT ALL IMAGES){{c1::Howell-Jolly Bodies}}
Published 07/30/2024 {{c2::Howell-Jolly Bodies}}Defect: {{c1::Remnants of nuclear chromatin}}Morphological Appearance: Coarse ground densely stained 1-2 μm granules eccent…
Published 07/30/2024 Howell-Jolly BodiesThink of: {{c1::Megaloblastic anemia, Severe hemolysis (Hereditary Spherocytosis), Thalassemia, Asplenia}}
Published 07/30/2024 Cabot RingsThink of: {{c1::Severe anemia}}
Published 07/30/2024 Cabot RingsDefect: {{c1::Remnants of microtubules of mitotic spindle}}Morphological Appearance: {{c1::Red violet structures appearing as rings, incomp…
Published 07/30/2024 [Identify] (TAKE THE TIME TO LOOK AT ALL IMAGES){{c1::Cabot Rings}}
Published 07/30/2024 Anemia ThresholdM Hgb: <{{c1::13.5}} g/dLF Hgb: <{{c1::12.5}} g/dL
Published 07/30/2024 Complete Laboratory Assessment of Anemia:{{c1::CBCPBSSerum IronSerum FerritinTIBC% SaturationOsmotic Fragility TestHemoglobin ElectrophoresisBone Marr…
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::Serum Iron::Anemia Lab Assessment}} exhibits diurnal variation with highest values in the {{c2::morning}} and lowest values in the {{c2::afterno…
Published 07/30/2024 [VR] Serum Iron Principle1. pH2. Transferrin Fe3+ → Fe2+ Complexes{{c1::B}}
Published 07/30/2024 One molecule of transferrin binds to {{c1::2}} ferric ions
Published 07/30/2024 Excess iron combines with {{c1::apoferritin}} to form ferritin
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC)}} - Measurement of the maximum concentration of iron thattransferrin can bind
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::% Saturation}} - Ratio of {{c2::serum iron to TIBC}}. Provides an estimate of how much iron is bound to transferrin
Published 07/30/2024 Normal Values: Serum Iron{{c1::0.5-17 ug/L}}
Published 07/30/2024 ↑ Serum Iron, think of {{c1::Hepatitis, OCPs::2}}, Increased ingestion↓ Serum Iron, think of {{c1::Menstruation, Pregnancy, Inflammation, MI, Malignan…
Published 07/30/2024 ↑ Transferrin, think of {{c1::pregnancy or estrogen intake}}↓ Transferrin, think of {{c1::chronic liver disease, malnutrition, renal insufficiency, in…
Published 07/30/2024 Normal Values: Serum FerritinAdult: {{c1::12-300 ug/L}}Infant: {{c1::1-142 ug/L}}
Published 07/30/2024 Normal Values: Serum TIBC{{c1::250-400 ug/L}}
Published 07/30/2024 Normal Values: % Saturation (in relation to iron levels){{c1::20-55}}%
Published 07/30/2024 ↑ Serum TIBC, think of {{c1::IDA}}↓ Serum TIBC, think of {{c1::Anemia or chronic disease}}
Published 07/30/2024 Review. {{c1::Hi}}
Published 07/30/2024 Megaloblastic anemia is caused by {{c1::↓ RBC production::↓ RBC production or ↑ RBC destruction}}
Published 07/30/2024 Sideroblastic anemia is caused by {{c1::↓ RBC production::↓ RBC production or ↑ RBC destruction}}
Published 07/30/2024 Thalassemia is caused by {{c1::↓ RBC production::↓ RBC production or ↑ RBC destruction}}
Published 07/30/2024 Anemia due to parvovirus infection is caused by {{c1::↓ RBC production::↓ RBC production or ↑ RBC destruction}}
Published 07/30/2024 Anemia due to drugs or toxins is caused by {{c1::↑ RBC destruction::↓ RBC production or ↑ RBC destruction}}
Published 07/30/2024 What surgical procedure and medication should you ask when suspecting IDA?{{c1::gastrectomy and chronic use of H2 blockers}}
Published 07/30/2024 Iron is absorbed in the {{c1::duodenum and jejunum::be specific}}
Published 07/30/2024 IDA Clinical Findings:AnemiaPallor{{c1::Numbness, TinglingAngular StomatitisKoilonychiaPica::3 skin findings, 1 behavioral}}
Published 07/30/2024 IDA Laboratory Findings:All are ↓ except for ↑ {{c1::RDW, TIBC, and FEP::3}}
Published 07/30/2024 Vitamin B12 needs to be complexed with {{c1::intrinsic factor (IF)}} to be absorbed in the {{c2::ileum}}
Published 07/30/2024 The most common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency is {{c1::pernicious anemia}}
Published 07/30/2024 Vitamin B12 Deficiency Etiology:Pernicious anemia{{c1::Pancreatic insufficiencyDamage to terminal ileum (Chron's Disease)Diphyllobothrium latum infect…
Published 07/30/2024 Vitamin B12 Deficiency Clinical Findings:{{c1::Paresthesias, weakness, unstable gait (Degenerative neurologic syndrome)Glossitis::2}}
Published 07/30/2024 Vitamin B12 Deficiency may affect px who do not eat {{c1::meat (vegans)}}
Published 07/30/2024 In Vitamin B12 and Folate Deficiency, along with macrocytic RBCs, you will also see {{c1::hypersegmented neutrophils & large platelets}}
Published 07/30/2024 Dietary folate is absorbed in the {{c1::duodenum}}
Published 07/30/2024 Vitamin B12 Deficiency takes {{c1::years}} to develop
Published 07/30/2024 Folate Deficiency takes {{c1::4-5 months}} to develop
Published 07/30/2024 Folate Deficiency Etiology:Poor dietIncreased Demand{{c1::Malabsorption (Sprue, Adult Celiac Disease, Gluten allergy)Folate Antagonists (antibiotics)A…
Published 07/30/2024 Folate Deficiency Clinical Findings:FatigueWeakness, lethargy, shortness of breathPale skin{{c1::Loss of appetiteHeadacheGlossitis::3}}
Published 07/30/2024 Vitamin B12 & Folate Deficiency Laboratory Clinical Findings:↓ Serum Vitamin B12 or ↓ Serum Folate↑ {{c1::Homocysteine}}Only in Vitamin B12 Defici…
Published 07/30/2024 Vitamin B12 and Folate Deficiency ThresholdMCV {{c1::>100}}
Published 07/30/2024 Macrocytic Anemia Etiology:Vitamin B12 and Folate DeficiencyAlcoholism{{c1::Fluorouracil (5-FU)::drug}}
Published 07/30/2024 Sideroblastic Anemia Etiology:Vitamin B{{c1::6}} DeficiencyAlcoholism{{c1::Lead poisoning}}
Published 07/30/2024 Sideroblastic Anemia Diagnosis requires a {{c1::bone marrow biopsy}}
Published 07/30/2024 Sideroblastic Anemia Iron Studies:↑ {{c1::Serum iron, % Transferrin}}↓ {{c1::TIBC}}
Published 07/30/2024 Aplastic Anemia Laboratory Findings:{{c1::Pancytopenia::Blood cells}}Bone Marrow Biopsy: {{c1::Empty, Fatty Marrow}}
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::Myelophthisic Process}} - Pathologic process that replaces bone marrow. Thus, expect {{c1::pancytopenia}}. These include but are not limite…
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::Anemia of chronic disease}} is the most common type of anemia in hospitalized px
Published 07/30/2024 {{c2::Anemia of chronic disease}} Laboratory Findings:↓ {{c1::Serum iron, % Transferrin::2}} ↓ or N {{c1::TIBC}} ↑ or N {{c1::Serum Ferritin}}↑ {{c1::…
Published 07/30/2024 [VR]1. Hepcidin2. Iron availability{{c1::B}}
Published 07/30/2024 Thalassemia - Inherited mutation where there is decreased synthesis of the globin chains of Hgb. Hemolysis is caused by the {{c1::accumulation of the …
Published 07/30/2024 Px w/ {{c1::thalassemia and sickle cell disease::2 RBC Disorders}} are protected against malaria
Published 07/30/2024 HbF is made up of {{c1::α2γ2::chains}}
Published 07/30/2024 HbA is made up of {{c1::α2β2::chains}}HbA2 is made up of {{c1::α2δ2::chains}}
Published 07/30/2024 There are normally {{c1::four}} total α-globin alleles present on chromosome {{c1::16}}
Published 07/30/2024 α-thalassemia with one gene deleted (α α / α α-) Clinical Findings:{{c1::Asymptomatic}}
Published 07/30/2024 α-thalassemia with two genes deleted (α α / α- α-) Clinical Findings:mild {{c1::anemia}} with a(n) {{c1::increased}} RBC…
Published 07/30/2024 α-thalassemia with three genes deleted (α α- / α- α-) Clinical & Laboratory Findings:{{c1::severe}} anemiaHgb Electrophoresis Resul…
Published 07/30/2024 β-thalassemia is often due to mutations in {{c1::splice sites}} and {{c1::promoter sequences}}
Published 07/30/2024 β-thalassemia Minor (β/β+) Clinical Findings:{{c1::Asymptomatic}}PBS: {{c1::Microcytic codo}}cytes & ↑ RBC count
Published 07/30/2024 β-thalassemia Intermedia (β+/β+ or β+/β0) Clinical Findings:{{c1::Just worse than β-thalassemia Minor}}
Published 07/30/2024 β-thalassemia Major (β0/β0) Clinical Findings:Severe anemia a few months after birth{{c1::Massive erythroid hyperplasia (↑ EPO) → “Crew cut”, “ch…
Published 07/30/2024 β-thalassemia Laboratory Findings:Electrophoresis Results:↑ {{c1::HbA2 & HbF}}↓ HbA
Published 07/30/2024 {{c2::Parvovirus B19}} infects progenitor red cells and temporarily halts erythropoiesis which may cause an aplastic crisis in px w/ {{c1::β-thalassem…
Published 07/30/2024 Sickle cell anemia is caused by an autosomal {{c1::recessive}} mutation in the {{c1::β}} chain of hemoglobin
Published 07/30/2024 Sickle cell anemia occurs due to a point mutation that substitutes {{c1::glutamic acid}} (hydrophilic) with {{c1::valine…
Published 07/30/2024 Sickle Cell Anemia Laboratory Findings:(+) {{c2::Metabisulfite screen}} - Causes cells with any amount of HbS to sickleSickle cell {{c1::trait}}&…
Published 07/30/2024 When exposed to conditions that favor the {{c2::taut}} form of Hemoglobin, HbS {{c1::polymerizes}} and forms needle-like structure…
Published 07/30/2024 What are the three main conditions which precipitate sickling in sickle cell anemia?{{c1::Hypoxemia}}, {{c1::dehydration}}, a…
Published 07/30/2024 Hb{{c1::F}} is the form of hemoglobin that protects against sickling in sickle cell anemia
Published 07/30/2024 Sickle Cell Anemia DOC: {{c1::Hydroxyurea}}
Published 07/30/2024 Irreversible sickling in sickle cell anemia leads to complications of vaso-{{c1::occlusion}}
Published 07/30/2024 Sickle cell anemia results in {{c1::extravascular and intra::intra/extra}}vascular hemolysis?
Published 07/30/2024 Sickle cell anemia Clinical Findings:{{c1::risk for aplastic crisisDactylitisAutosplenectomy::3}}Head: {{c1::“Crew cut”, “chipmunk facies”}} Pulm…
Published 07/30/2024 Sickle cell Trait Clinical Findings:{{c1::Asymptomatic}}
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::Dactylitis}} is a common presenting sign of sickle cell anemia in {{c2::infants::age group}} 
Published 07/30/2024 One consequence of autosplenectomy in sickle cell disease is increased risk of infection with {{c1::encapsulated}} organisms such …
Published 07/30/2024 Vaso-occlusive infarcts in the pulmonary microcirculation due to sickle cell anemia causes {{c1::acute chest syndrome}}
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::Hereditary spherocytosis}} Etiology:Inherited defect of RBC cytoskeleton-membrane tethering proteins: {{c2::Ankyrin, spectri…
Published 07/30/2024 Hereditary spherocytosis Clinical Findings:{{c1::SplenomegalyJaundice & Bilirubin Gallstones}}Increased risk for {{c1::aplastic crisis}}
Published 07/30/2024 Hereditary spherocytosis Laboratory Findings:Spherocytes and {{c1::Howell-Jolly Bodies::inclusions}}↑ {{c1::RDW and MCHC::2}}
Published 07/30/2024 Hereditary spherocytosis Diagnosis:{{c1::Osmotic Fragility Test}}
Published 07/30/2024 Hereditary spherocytosis demonstrates increased spherocyte fragility in {{c1::hypo}}-tonic solution (osmotic fragility test)
Published 07/30/2024 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is an {{c1::X-linked recessive::mode of inheritance}} disorder resulting in reduced&nbsp…
Published 07/30/2024 G6PD deficiency renders RBCs susceptible to {{c1::oxidative}} stress
Published 07/30/2024 [QC] Reduction of G6PD1. G6PD Deficiency {{c2::African::what are the two variants of G6PD Deficiency}} Variant2. G6PD Deficiency {{c2::Mediterranean}}…
Published 07/30/2024 High carrier frequency of the mutant G6PD allele is likely due to its protective role against {{c1::Plasmodium falciparu…
Published 07/30/2024 In G6PD deficiency, oxidative stress precipitates denaturated Hgb as {{c1::Heinz bodies}} which are removed from RBCs by&nbsp…
Published 07/30/2024 G6PD Deficiency Clinical Findings:{{c2::In}}travascular hemolysis → {{c1::hemoglobinuria}}{{c1::Back Pain (due to Hgb nephrotoxicity)}}
Published 07/30/2024 G6PD Deficiency Diagnosis:Screening: {{c1::Heinz Preparation}}Confirmation: {{c1::Enzyme Studies}}
Published 07/30/2024 The most common causes of oxidative stress in patients with G6PD deficiencyPhysiological State: {{c1::Infection}}Drugs: {{c1:…
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::Immune hemolytic anemia (IHA)}} is the antibody-mediated destruction of RBCs
Published 07/30/2024 Ig{{c2::M}}-mediated immune hemolytic anemia usually causes {{c1::in}}travascular hemolysisIg{{c2::G}}-mediated immune hemolytic a…
Published 07/30/2024 Ig{{c2::M}}-mediated immune hemolytic anemia is also known as {{c1::cold}} agglutinin diseaseIg{{c2::G}}-mediated immune hemolytic anemia is…
Published 07/30/2024 In IgG-mediated hemolytic anemia, the membrane of the antibody-coated RBCs is consumed by splenic macrophages, resulting in {{c1::spherocyte…
Published 07/30/2024 Ig{{c2::G}}-mediated immune hemolytic anemia Etiology:{{c1::SLE::Most common}}{{c1::Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)::Cancer}}{{c1::Penicillin …
Published 07/30/2024 When temperatures drop below 30 C, IgM AIHA antibodies may bind RBCs and activate {{c1::complement}}
Published 07/30/2024 In IgM-mediated hemolytic anemia, RBCs inactivate complement but residual C3b serves as an opsonin for splenic macrophages, result…
Published 07/30/2024 Ig{{c2::M}}-mediated immune hemolytic anemia Etiology:{{c1::Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Infectious mononucleosis}}{{c1::Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemi…
Published 07/30/2024 Immune Hemolytic Anemia (IHA) Diagnosis:{{c1::(+) Coomb's Test}}
Published 07/30/2024 {{c2::D}}irect Coomb's Test uses {{c1::px RBCs w/ attached antibodies}}{{c2::Ind}}irect Coomb's Test uses {{c1::px serum}}
Published 07/30/2024 {{c2::Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)}} is caused by an acquired defect in {{c1::hematopoeitic}} stem cells, resulting i…
Published 07/30/2024 Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is primarily characterized by {{c1::intravascular}} hemolysis
Published 07/30/2024 When and why does intravascular hemolysis occur in PNH?{{c1::Occurs during sleep because mild respiratory acidosis may activate complement}}
Published 07/30/2024 Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) Diagnosis:Screening: {{c1::Sucrose Test}}Confirmation: {{c1::Acidified serum test (Ham’s test), Flow cytomet…
Published 07/30/2024 Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria may be confirmed via flow cytometry, which detects a lack of CD-{{c1::55}} and CD-{{…
Published 07/30/2024 Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria PNH Clinical and Laboratory Findings:P{{c1::ancytopenia}}N{{c1::octurnal}} build up of Red/Pink Urinecoombs {{c1::…
Published 07/30/2024 Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) may lead to the following:Anemia: {{c1::IDA}}Cancer: {{c1::Acute Myeloid Leukemia}}Cause of Death: {{c1::Ven…
Published 07/30/2024 IgG-mediated hemolytic anemia Treatment: Cessation of the offending drug (if applicable) {{c1::steroids; may also use IVIG for temporary relief::…
Published 07/30/2024 Drug-Induced Hemolytic Anemia has 3 Mechanisms:{{c1::Drug Absorption (Hapten Mechanism)Immune Complex MechanismTirue Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia}}
Published 07/30/2024 Drug-Induced Hemolytic Anemia through Drug Absorption (Hapten Mechanism) causes {{c1::ex}}travascular hemolytic anemia and is casued by {{c1::-cillins…
Published 07/30/2024 Drug-Induced Hemolytic Anemia through Immune Complex Mechanisms causes {{c1::in}}travascular hemolytic anemia and is caused by {{c1::quinidine, thiazi…
Published 07/30/2024 Drug-Induced Hemolytic Anemia through Immune Complex Mechanisms causes {{c1::ex}}travascular hemolytic anemia and is casued by {{c1::Methyldopa, L-dop…
Published 07/30/2024 Polycythemia ThresholdM Hgb: >{{c1::18.5}} g/dLF Hgb: >{{c1::16.5}} g/dL
Published 07/30/2024 Absolute Polycythemia is casued by ↑ in total red cell massRelative Polycythemia is caused by {{c1::↓ plasma volume, ↑ HCT. N red cell mass}}
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::Polycythemia vera}} - Neoplastic proliferation of mature myeloid cells, especially {{c2::red blood}} cells and usually occurs at …
Published 07/30/2024 Polycythemia vera can transform into {{c1::acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)}}
Published 07/30/2024 Polycythemia Vera Etiology:{{c1::Val617Phe}}
Published 07/30/2024 Polycythemia Vera Clinical Findings:{{c1::HypertensionThrombosisAquagenic PruritusRuddy cyanosisSplenomegalyHeadache::6}}
Published 07/30/2024 Polycythemia Vera Laboratory Findings:↑ RBC Mass, Hemoglobin, Platelet count, {{c1::LAP Score}}↓ {{c1::MCV, MCH, MCHC, EPO, Serum Iron::5}}N or ↓…
Published 07/30/2024 Mnemonic for farthest/fastest migration of Hgb to slowest: {{c1::A Fat Santa Clause can't go far. HbA, HbF, HbS, HbC}}
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