Notes in 01JointStructure&Function

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Published	07/30/2024	Muscles attach to the bone through a {{c1::tendon}} and not directly with the muscle belly.
Published	07/30/2024	Tendons have a similar composition, basic structure, and similar enthesis attachments with ligaments.{{c1::T::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Type 1 Collagen 1. Tendon 2. Ligament{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Type 3 Collagen 1. Tendon 2. Ligament{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	The collagen fibers in tendons run in many different directions so that it can accomodate forces from all directions.{{c1::F::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Endotenon}} is the sheath that encloses {{c2::fascicle}}.
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::epitenon}} is the sheath that encloses the {{c2::entire tendon}}.
Published	07/30/2024	The farther the tendon inserts into the bone, the greater is the hyaline cartilage component.{{c1::F, there is greater fibrocartilage component::…
Published	07/30/2024	Myotendinous junction becomes rounder, more infolded when loads are decreased.{{c1::F, flatter::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cartilage contains mainly {{c1::type II}} collagen and large amounts of aggregating PGs
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hyaline}} cartilage is found in {{c2::articular surfaces}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Hyaline (articular) cartilage is {{c1::1}}–{{c1::7}} mm thick, covering the ends of bones in synovial joints.
Published	07/30/2024	Hyaline cartilage regenerates well after an injury.{{c1::F::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	Hyaline cartilage is {{c1::avascular::vascular/avascular}}, {{c1::aneural::neural/aneural}}, {{c1::alymphatic::lymphatic/alymphatic}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Interfibrillar components (PG) 1. Hyaline Cartilage 2. Joint and Tendons{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Aggrecan}} is the main proteoglycan of the interfibrillar component of the extracellular matrix of hyaline cartilage.
Published	07/30/2024	Aggrecan contains the GAGs: {{c1::Keratan sulfate (KS)}} and {{c1::Chondroitin sulfate (CS)}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Zones {{c1::2}} and {{c1::3}} of hyaline cartilage has fibers that form an open meshwork.
Published	07/30/2024	Zone {{c1::3}} of hyaline cartilage has perpendicular collagen fibers that cross the tidemark.
Published	07/30/2024	Zone {{c1::4}} of hyaline cartilage is calcified and connected to the cancellous portion of the bone (subchondral bone).
Published	07/30/2024	Aggregating PGs attract water into the cells.Osmotic swelling pressure in cartilage is created.Collagen network contains expanding extracellular matri…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Bone}} is the hardest of all connective tissues.
Published	07/30/2024	The organic component of bone is {{c1::type I}} collagen for tensile strength.
Published	07/30/2024	The inorganic component of bone is {{c1::calcium hydroxyapatite}} for compressive strength.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Osteocytes}} support bone cells
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Osteoclasts}} absorb old bone cells (bone resorption).
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Osteoprogenitor}} can differentiate into different bone cells
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cortical}} bone is found in the shaft of long bones.
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Strength 1. Cortical bone 2. Cancellous bone{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cancellous}} bone is found in the bone ends
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Lamellar (mature)::microscopic classification}} bone is found in normal bones
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Woven (immature)::microscopic classification}} bone is found in growing, healing, or diseased bones.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Woven (immature)}} bones are found in newborns, fracture callus, and metaphyseal regions of long bones.
Published	07/30/2024	The bones we are born with are the same bones we have now.{{c1::F::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Wolff's Law}} states that remodeling occurs in response to mechanical stress.
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Stress 2. Bone Remodeling{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	For bones, {{c1::65}}%–{{c1::70}}% of dry weight is organic.
Published	07/30/2024	The cells of {{c1::cartilage}} comprise the 10% of its weight.
Published	07/30/2024	Connective tissue is {{c1::anisotropic}} which describes its quality of responding in different ways when you apply a force. NOT UNIFORM
Published	07/30/2024	In ligaments and tendons, an increase in tensile forces will increase type I collagen content{{c1::T::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	Unlike muscles, connective tissues barely respond to load alterations or develop specific adaptations to imposed demands.{{c1::F::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	Composition of Dense Connective TissuesTissue: {{c1::bone}}Water content (%): {{c2::25%}}Collagen (% and type): {{c2::25%–30% (mainly type I)}}PG/GAGs…
Published	07/30/2024	Composition of dense connective tissuesTissue: {{c1::cartilage}}Water content (%): {{c2::60–85%}}Collagen (% and type): {{c2::10%–30% (>90% ty…
Published	07/30/2024	Composition of Dense Connective TissuesTissue: {{c1::tendon}}Water content (%): {{c2::60%–75%}}Collagen (% and type): {{c2::80% (95% type I; <…
Published	07/30/2024	Composition of Dense Connective TissuesTissue: {{c1::Menisci}}Water content (%): {{c2::70%–78%}}Collagen (% and type): {{c2::60%–90% (Mainly type…
Published	07/30/2024	Composition of Dense Connective TissuesTissue: {{c1::anulus}}Water content (%): {{c2::65%–70%}}Collagen (% and type): {{c2::50%–60% (types I and …
Published	07/30/2024	Composition of Dense Connective TissuesTissue: {{c1::Nucleus}}Water content (%): {{c2::65%–90%}}Collagen (% and type): {{c2::20%–30% (mainly type II)}…
Published	07/30/2024	Connective tissue is characterized by widely dispersed cells, contains a large volume of {{c1::extracellular matrix}} which consists of {{c2::int…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Fibroblasts::cell}} are basic, fixed connective tissue cells that produce different types of connective tissue, mainly {{c2::type I collage…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Chondroblasts}} are fixed connective tissue cells that are located in cartilage, producing mainly {{c2::type II collagen}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Type I}} and {{c1::Type II}} collagen is responsible for the functional integrity and resistance of connective tissue structures.
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Amount in ECM 1. Elastin 2. Collagen{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Type II}} collagen is found mainly in {{c2::hyaline articular cartilage}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Type IVType XIIType XIV
Published	07/30/2024	Type VIIIType X
Published	07/30/2024	GAG: {{c1::heparin or heparan sulfate}}Composition: {{c3::glucosamine}} + {{c3::glucuronic or iduronic acid}} w/ {{c4::α(1 → 4)}} linkageCom…
Published	07/30/2024	GAG: {{c1::keratan sulfate}}Composition: {{c4::N-acetylglucosamine}} + {{c4::galactose}} w/ {{c5::β(1→4)}} linkageComments: Forms part of large {…
Published	07/30/2024	An increase in pulling forces increases the proportion of {{c1::dermatan sulfate::GAG}} in joints.
Published	07/30/2024	All GAGs attach to proteins to form PGs. {{c1::F::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Neutrophils}} are transient connective tissue cells that are involved in fighting infection.
Published	07/30/2024	The fibrillar component of the extracellular matrix contains 2 major classes of structural proteins, {{c2::collagen}} and {{c…
Published	07/30/2024	A/An {{c1::elastin}} molecule has single {{c2::alpha-like}} strands that are cross-linked and not as organized, which branch freely which is needed fo…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Type VII}} collagen is classified as {{c2::anchoring}} and is commonly found in {{c3::anchoring filaments}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Type VI}} collagen is classified as {{c2::filamentous}} and is commonly found in {{c3::blood vessels}} and {{c3::skin}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Type IV}} collagen is commonly found in basement membrane.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Type XIV}} collagen is commonly found in fetal skin and tendons.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Type XII}} collagen is commonly found in tendons and ligaments and is often found with type {{c2::I}} collagen.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Type IX}} collagen is commonly found in cartilage and cornea and is often found with type {{c2::II}} collagen.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Type XI}} collagen is commonly found in cartilage and other tissues and is often associated with {{c2::type V}} collagen.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Interfibrillar component}} is made up of {{c2::proteoglycans}}, {{c2::glycosaminoglycans}} and {{c2::Hyaluronic Acid}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Glycosaminoglycans}} mainly function in {{c2::attracting water}} and are the carbohydrate portion of {{c2::proteoglycans}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Proteoglycans}} = {{c2::glycosaminoglycans}} + {{c2::proteins}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hyaluronic acid}} is a major type of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) that is {{c2::not s::s/not s}}ulfated and has {{c2::no::a/…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Aggrecan}} is responsible for the water-binding properties of cartilage.
Published	07/30/2024	chondroitin 4 sulfatechondroitin 6 sulfatekeratan sulfateheparinheparan sulfatedermatan sulfate
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Type I}} and {{c1::Type II}} collagen is the main substance of most connective tissues.
Published	07/30/2024	An {{c1::enthesis}} is the part of a ligament attached to bone which may be direct into bone via {{c2::fibrocartilage}} or indirect via {{c2…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Ligaments}} are mostly {{c1::type I}} collagen, connecting one bone to another usually at/near a joint.
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Normal composition of aggrecan 1. Keratan Sulfate 2. Chondroitin Sulfate{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::paratenon}} is the outermost layer that covers tendons.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Load}} refers to any force or stress that is applied to a structure.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Deformation}} refers to any change in the size or length of a structure.
Published	07/30/2024	In the {{c1::toe}} region, Initial load and initial occurrence of deformation
Published	07/30/2024	If the stress applied is in the {{c1::elastic}} region, the deformation of the material is not permanent.
Published	07/30/2024	If the stress applied is in the {{c1::plastic}} region, the deformation of the material is permanent.
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::ultimate failure point}} is the point at which deformation drops because the structure has failed.
Published	07/30/2024	[VR](1) force (2) deformation(until Ultimate Failure Point, C){{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Stress}} is the force per cross-sectional unit of a structure.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Strain/deformation}} is the percentage change in the length or cross-section of a structure or material.
Published	07/30/2024	In a {{c1::tensile/destructive}} load, 2 forces act along the same line in opposite directions.
Published	07/30/2024	In a {{c1::compressive}} load, 2 forces act along the same line toward each other.
Published	07/30/2024	In a {{c1::shear}} load, 2 forces are parallel and applied in opposite directions but are not in-line with one another.
Published	07/30/2024	In a {{c1::torsional}} load, forces are applied perpendicular to the long axis.
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::stress-strain}} curve is used to compare the strength properties of one material with that of another material or to compare the same t…
Published	07/30/2024	The stress-strain curve is {{c1::flatter::flatter/steeper}} in elastic materials.
Published	07/30/2024	The stress-strain curve is {{c1::steeper::flatter/steeper}} in stiffer materials.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Young's Modulus of Elasticity (E)}} is a measure of a material's stiffness (resistance to external loads).
Published	07/30/2024	In Young's modulus of elasticity, a steep slope/high E means that the material has {{c1::high::high/low}} stiffness and {{c1::low::high/low}…
Published	07/30/2024	In Young's modulus of elasticity, a flat slope/low E means that the material has {{c1::low::high/low}} stiffness and {{c1::high::high/low}} …
Published	07/30/2024	Arrange the following materials from highest E to lowest E:tendon/ligamentcortical bonecartilagecancellous bone{{c1::cortical bone}} > {{c1::cancel…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Viscosity}} refers to a material's resistance to flow.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Elasticity}} refers to the material's ability to return to its original length or shape after the removal of a deforming load.
Published	07/30/2024	Viscoelasticity is dependent on {{c1::time}}, {{c1::rate}}, and {{c1::history}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Viscosity depends on {{c1::PG and water composition}}.
Published	07/30/2024	[QC]resistance to deformation(1) low viscosity tissues (2) high viscosity tissues{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR](1) temperature (2) viscosity{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC]viscosity when(1) loads are slowly applied (2) loads are rapidly applied{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Stress relaxation::time and rate dependent property}}. If a tissue is stretched to a fixed length while the force required to maintain this leng…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hysteresis::time and rate dependent property}}. When the force and length of tissues are measured as force is applied/loaded and removed/unloade…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Strain-rate sensitivity::time and rate dependent property}}. If the tissue is loaded rapidly, {{c2::more::more/less}} energy (force or stress) i…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Creep::time and rate dependent property}}. If a force is applied to a tissue and maintained at the same level while the deformation produced by …
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Increased compressive forces in tendons 1. chondroitin sulfate 2. dermatan sulfate{{c3::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ligaments}} - Connect bone to another bone at or near joint
Published	07/30/2024	PG/GAG incolved in ligaments is {{c1::dermatan sulfate (tensile strength)}}
Published	07/30/2024	GAG: {{c1::hyaluronan}}Composition: {{c3::N-acetylglucosamine}} + {{c3::glucuronic acid}} w/ {{c4::β(1→3)}} linkageComments: forms {{c2::lar…
Published	07/30/2024	GAG: {{c1::chondroitin sulfate}}Composition: N-acetylgalactosamine + glucuronic acid w/ {{c3::β(1→3)}} linkageComments: Increased with {{c2:…
Published	07/30/2024	GAG: {{c1::dermatan sulfate}}Composition: {{c4::N-acetylgalactosamine}} + {{c4::L-iduronic acid}} w/ {{c3::α(1→3)}} linkageComments: Increased with&nb…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Myotendinous junction}} is the junction between the muscle belly and the tendon characterized by the interdigitation of collagen …
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::fibrillar}} component of the extracellular matrix of hyaline cartilage includes elastin and type I & II collagen.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Zone 1::hyaline cartilage zone}} has arranged parallel to the surface.
Published	07/30/2024	Bone is mineralized by {{c1::calcium hydroxyapatite (inorganic component)}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Osteoblasts}} form new bone cells
Published	07/30/2024	Composition of Dense Connective TissuesTissue: {{c1::ligament}}Water content (%): {{c2::70%}}Collagen (% and type): {{c2::75% (90% type I; 10% ty…
Published	07/30/2024	Composition of Dense Connective TissuesTissue: {{c1::capsule}}Water content (%): {{c2::70%}}Collagen (% and type): {{c2::90% (mainly type I)}}PG/…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Osteoblasts}} are fixed connective tissue cells located in bones, producing {{c2::type I collagen}} and {{c2::hydroxyapatite}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Osteoclasts}} are WBC type-derived, fixed connective tissue cells located in bones, involved in bone resorption.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Mast cells}} are fixed connective tissue cells located in various connective tissues, and are known to be inflammatory mediators.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Adipose cells}} are cell type connective tissue cells located in adipose tissue, producing and storing fat.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Plasma cells}} are transient B lymphocytes that are involved in producing antibodies.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Type I}} collagen that accounts for 90% of bodycollagen.
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Arthritic composition of aggrecan 1. Keratan Sulfate 2. Chondroitin Sulfate{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Mesenchyme cells}} are undifferentiated fixed connective tissue cells located in embryo and bone marrow, can diffe…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Type X}} collagen is commonly found in hypertrophic cartilage.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Type V}} collagen is commonly found in cartilage and tendons.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Type III}} collagen is commonly found in skin, blood vessels, tendons, and ligaments.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Lymphocytes}} are transient connective tissue cells that contain surface proteins specific for antigens.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Macrophages}} are transient connective tissue cells that are derived from monocytes and are involved in immune response…
Published	07/30/2024	Fibril-forming collagens of types {{c1::I}}, {{c1::II}}, and {{c1::III}} and fibril-associated type {{c1::IV}} are the m…
Status	Last Update	Fields