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Published 02/10/2024 Differences in the chemical composition of ECF (14L - 1/3 TBW) and ICF (28L - 2/3 TBW) are due to the presence of, and the properties o…
Published 02/10/2024 [Na+] and [Cl-] are {{c1::higher}} in the ECF compartment than the ICF.[K+] and [phosphates/sulphates] and [proteins] are {{c1::higher}} in the I…
Published 02/10/2024 {{c1::Water}} passes freely between all compartments; from plasma to ISF between the capillary cells of the blood vessel wall and from ISF to ICF via …
Published 02/10/2024 There are no barriers to water movement through the two compartments [ECF/ICF] The cell membrane is filled with water channels called {{c1::aquap…
Published 02/10/2024 Explain the difference in movement across cell membrane between gases and nutrients and ions.
Published 02/10/2024 Describe the distribution of solutes (Na+ , K+ , Cl- , HCO3- , Proteins) in Plasma and Interstitial fluid, and in Intracellul…
Published 02/10/2024 What would happen if ions like Na+ and Cl- could pass through the cell membrane readily in an unregulated manner?
Published 02/10/2024 Cell membranes are {{c1::selectively permeable/semipermeable}} barriers.In other words, they allow some substances like water and gases to pass w…
Published 02/10/2024 The {{c1::permeability}} of the cell membrane, which indicates the quality of being able to be passed through, may vary, increasing or decreasing at d…
Published 02/10/2024 Cell membranes are {{c1::dynamic}}, they are continually being formed and maintained or dismantled and metabolized according to the needs of the cell.
Published 02/10/2024 Cell membranes are composed of very thin double layers of sheets of lipids (lipid bilayer) called {{c1::phospholipids}}, which have a:hydrophilic/lipo…
Published 02/10/2024 The tendency of substances, e.g. the cell membrane, to arrange themselves in a position where the polar / hydrophilic parts are on the surface while t…
Published 02/10/2024 Membranes are very {{c1::flexible/fluid/bendy}}, because of fatty acids composing them, they behave like an oil.
Published 02/10/2024 Membranes prevent the passage of electrons, they are excellect {{c1::insulators}} against movement of electrical charge.
Published 02/10/2024 Membranes are embedded with proteins that are associated with carbohydrates called {{c1::glycoproteins}}.
Published 02/10/2024 Membranes are embedded with phospholipids that are associated with carbohydrates, they are called {{c1::glycolipids}}.
Published 02/10/2024 Membrane carbohydrates e.g. glycolipids and glycoproteins, have important roles in extracellular cell to cell communication including {{c1::self}} vs …
Published 02/10/2024 {{c1::Integral proteins}} are proteins that span the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer.
Published 02/10/2024 {{c1::Peripheral proteins}} are proteins that are only associated with the hydrophilic phosphate head of the lipid bilayer and do not penetrate the hy…
Published 02/10/2024 Integral vs Peripheral Membrane proteins. What's the difference?
Published 02/10/2024 1. Receptors 2. Transport (transporter and channel proteins) 3. Enzymes 4. Maintenance of Cell Structure (anchorage) 5. CommunicationThe aforementione…
Published 02/10/2024 What are the common functions of Membrane Proteins?
Published 02/10/2024 {{c1::Membrane Receptors}} are integral proteins that allow communication of an extracellular signal (Ligand) e.g. neurotransmitter or hormone, to the…
Published 02/10/2024 Only tissues that express {{c1::receptors}} for a particular hormone/neurotransmitter (Ligands) can communicate with it and create a intracellula…
Published 02/10/2024 {{c1::Membrane Transporters}} are integral proteins that allow movement of ions or molecules across the membrane.They come in two forms:1. {{c2::Chann…
Published 02/10/2024 Channel Transporter Proteins vs Carrier Transporter Proteins. What's the difference between them?
Published 02/10/2024 {{c1::Membrane Enzymes}} catalyze chemical reactions on the cell membrane.They can be either on the {{c2::external}} side of the membrane.e.g. Membran…
Published 02/10/2024 Some cell membranes, e.g. in nerve cells, have Glucose transporters permanently present in them, so they are {{c1::Insulin independent}}.Insulin is on…
Published 02/10/2024 Why do we get an increase in blood glucose (BG) concentrations when we have a disruption of insulin release?
Published 02/10/2024 {{c1::Structural Proteins}} are proteins that anchor the cell membrane to The Intracellular skeleton, The Extracellular matrix (collagen),An…
Published 02/10/2024 Dysfunction or loss of structural proteins can cause serious debility.Give an example of a debility caused by a lack of structural protein.
Published 02/10/2024 Lack of {{c1::dystrophin protein}} causes {{c2::Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy}}.
Published 02/10/2024 Glycolipids vs Glycoproteins. What's the difference?
Published 02/10/2024 {{c1::Glycoproteins}} are proteins on the membrane that act as markers that tell the immune system whether a cell is one of our own or a foreign cell.
Published 02/10/2024 How do glycoproteins communicate the identity of the cell to the immune system?
Published 02/10/2024 {{c1::Receptor-Enzyme Complexes}} and {{c1::G Proteins}} are proteins involved with communicating extracellular messages carried by Ligands (hormones,…
Published 02/10/2024 {{c1::G Proteins}} are peripheral proteins that relay a signal along the membrane from an {{c2::integral receptor}} protein to an {{c2::integral enzym…
Published 02/10/2024 Membranes and protein content.1. Myelin is ideal for function as an insulator around myelinated nerve fibres, has a low content of protein at {{c…
Published 02/10/2024 The forces which produce movement of water and other molecules across the cell membrane and the capillary wall are driven by {{c1::concentration gradi…
Published 02/10/2024 An {{c1::electrochemical gradient}} is the net effect of two forces:1- {{c2::The electrical gradient}} - a difference in char…
Published 02/10/2024 The electrochemical gradient drives the direction of {{c1::passive}} movement.Any movement that goes against the electrochemical gradient requires ene…
Published 02/10/2024 There are four mechanisms of movement across membranes:1. {{c1::Diffusion}}; which is either:       A-{{c2:: Passive diffusion}}&n…
Published 02/10/2024 Endocytosis vs Exocytosis. What's the difference?
Published 02/10/2024 A common mechanism used to terminate signals from the extracellular ligands is the {{c1::endocytosis}} of membrane receptors.
Published 02/10/2024 {{c1::Endocytosis}} and {{c1::Exocytosis}} are important mechanisms used to move large molecules e.g. proteins, across the membrane but act independen…
Published 02/10/2024 A process by which a gas or substance in solution expands to fill all the available volume, where molecules spread from regions of high concentration …
Published 02/10/2024 Explain the following Diagram:
Published 02/10/2024 In diffusion, molecules can go both directions, but the net direction of flow is from regions of {{c1::high}} concentration to regions of {{c1::low}} …
Published 02/10/2024 Cell membranes are effectively {{c1::impermeable}} to intracellular proteins and organic anions, they stay inside the cell.
Published 02/10/2024 {{c1::Passive diffusion}} – substance moves directly through the lipid bilayer{{c1::Facilitated diffusion}} – substance requires assistance …
Published 02/10/2024 Molecules that can passively diffuse through the lipid bilayer need to be:1- {{c1::Small}} & {{c1::Uncharged}} (most important qualities)2- {{c1::…
Published 02/10/2024 Gases pass readily through the lipid bilayer, but Lipophilic gases like O2 and N2 pass {{c1::faster}} than Lipophobic gases like CO2 th…
Published 02/10/2024 Diffusion of ions (small charged particles) and nutrients (large, uncharged molecules) like glucose through the lipid bilayer is extremely s…
Published 02/10/2024 {{c1::Channel-mediated transporter proteins}} are integral/transmembrane proteins that provide an aqueous pathway across the membrane for the simultan…
Published 02/10/2024 The main channel which is permanently open to water diffusion to the inside of the cell is called {{c1::aquaporin}}
Published 02/10/2024 Many channels on the cell membrane are made up of multiple protein subunits, each of which may occupy a different role/function.
Published 02/10/2024 Ions cross the membrane using gated channels, which remain closed until an electrical/chemical/mechanical stimulus cause a conformational change in th…
Published 02/10/2024 Voltage gated channels vs Ligand gated channels. What's the difference?
Published 02/10/2024 The direction of diffusion is dependent on the {{c1::concentration/chemical gradient}} and, in the case of charged particles, the {{c1::electrica…
Published 02/10/2024 The difference in the charge across the interior and the exterior of the cell, where the inside is negative in regards to the outside, is called {{c1:…
Published 02/10/2024 {{c1::Electrochemical equilibrium}} is reached when the chemical and electrical gradients are in balance.
Published 02/10/2024 {{c1::Carrier-mediated transport proteins OR transporters}} are proteins that transport large molecules like glucose, they bind the molecule then…
Published 02/10/2024 How does the electrochemical gradient affect the transportation of molecules through Carrier-mediated transport proteins?
Published 02/10/2024 Movement of molecules through transport proteins against their electrochemical gradients while using energy in the form of ATP is known as {{c1::Activ…
Published 02/10/2024 Explain the active transportation in the Sodium/Potassium Pump or ATPase.
Published 02/10/2024 Na+/K+ pump is an electrogenic pump. What does that mean?
Published 02/10/2024 {{c1::40%::percentage}} of resting energy of the body is used by Na+/K+ ATPase.
Published 02/10/2024 Passive diffusion vs Facilitated diffusion vs Active transport. Explain the differences.
Published 02/10/2024 Diffusion vs Osmosis. Explain the differences.
Published 02/10/2024 H2O concentration is {{c1::inversely}} related to solute concentration, i.e. the more solute particles there are in a solution, the more they wil…
Published 02/10/2024 How does the permeability of a membrane affect the concentration and volume,i.e. permeable to H2O and solute or permeable to H2O only, 
Published 02/10/2024 {{c1::Osmotic pressure}} is the pressure that must be applied to oppose osmosis.
Published 02/10/2024 Osmosis with no diffusion will result in a change in cell {{c1::volume}}.
Published 02/10/2024 In chemistry, concentrations are expressed as {{c1::molarity (M)}} , which is defined as the number of moles of dissolved solute per liter of sol…
Published 02/10/2024 It is the number of {{c1::solute particles}}, not molecules, which determine the osmotic effect on [H2O] and this can be misleading because some molec…
Published 02/10/2024 For biological solutions, concentration is expressed as {{c1::osmolarity}}, which is the number of osmotically active particles (ions or intact molecu…
Published 02/10/2024 {{c1::Osmolarity}} describes only the {{c2::number}} of particles in the solution. It says nothing about the {{c2::composition / nature}} of the parti…
Published 02/10/2024 The volume of a cell at any time is dependent on the concentration of {{c1::non-penetrating}} solutes on either side of the membrane, which cannot cro…
Published 02/10/2024 Any change in the concentration of non-penetrating solutes produces an {{c1::osmotic flux}}, causing a net movement of water in one direction or the o…
Published 02/10/2024 Osmolarity vs Tonicity. What's the difference?
Published 02/10/2024 If a cell placed in the solution gains water at equilibrium and swells, we say that the solution is {{c1::hypotonic}} to the cell.If the cell loses wa…
Published 02/10/2024 If two solutions contain the same number of solute particles per unit volume, we say that the solutions are {{c1::isosmotic}}.If solution A has a…
Published 02/10/2024 Why can't osmolarity alone be used to predict tonicity?
Published 02/10/2024 The relationship between osmolarity and tonicity.
Published 02/10/2024 If the cell has a higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than the solution, there will be a net movement of water into the cell and it swells.…
Published 02/10/2024 Why is it important to understand osmolarity and tonicity clinically?
Published 02/10/2024 Why is the osmolarity of both the ECF and ICF at 285 mOsmol/L?
Published 02/10/2024 What happens if you place red blood cells in a hyperosmotic aqueous urea solution? and why?
Published 02/10/2024 What happens to the volume of red blood cells in patients with ureamia (excess urine in their plasma)?
Published 02/10/2024 Any changes in osmolarity and tonicity between ECF and ICF are corrected through {{c1::osmosis}}.
Published 02/10/2024 Why is saline (150mM) an isotonic solution?
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