Notes in Chapter_10:_Nutrition

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Published	07/07/2024	Caloric requrements for an adult is roughly {{c2::20}}-{{c2::25}} {{c1::calories/kg/day::units}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Fat}} has {{c1::9}} calories/g
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::Protein}} and {{c1::carbohydrates}} have {{c2::4}} calories/g
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::Dextrose}} has {{c2::3.4}} calories/g
Published	07/07/2024	Nutritional requirements for average adult male (70kg) should include: - {{c1::20}}% from {{c2::proteins}} - {{c1::30}}% from {{c2::fats}}&n…
Published	07/07/2024	Patients in physiologic stress (e.g. trauma, surgery, and sepsis) can have {{c2::in}}creased caloric requirements by {{c1::20}}-{{c1::40}}%
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Lactating::pregnant or lactating}} patients should have their caloric requirements increased by {{c1::500}} kcal/day
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Pregnant::lactating or pregnant}} patients should have their caloric requirements increased by {{c1::300}} kcal/day
Published	07/07/2024	The caloric intake for burn patients should NOT exceed {{c1::3,000}} kcal/day
Published	07/07/2024	For every {{c2::1}} degree(s) above 38oC, the metabolic rate increases by {{c1::10}}%
Published	07/07/2024	When calculating the caloric requirements for obese patients, their true weight is determined using {{c1::[(actual weight - ideal body weight) x …
Published	07/07/2024	The maximum glucose rate for TPN is {{c1::3}} g/kg/hour
Published	07/07/2024	The fuel source for {{c1::colonocytes::GI cell}} is {{c2::short-chain fatty acids}}
Published	07/07/2024	The fuel source for {{c2::small bowel enterocytes::GI cell}} is {{c1::glutamine}}
Published	07/07/2024	Neoplastic cells primarily use {{c1::glutamine}} as a fuel source
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Basal energy expenditure}} based on height, weight, age, and gender can be calculated using the {{c1::Harris-Benedict::name}} equation
Published	07/07/2024	The half-life of {{c2::albumin::protein}} is {{c1::18}} days
Published	07/07/2024	The half-life of {{c2::prealbumin::protein}} is {{c1::2}} days
Published	07/07/2024	The half-life of {{c1::transferrin::protein}} is {{c2::8}} days
Published	07/07/2024	The best indicator of nutritional status is {{c1::pre-albumin}}
Published	07/07/2024	The ideal body weight for {{c4::men::gender}} is {{c3::106}} lbs + {{c1::6}} lbs for every inch over {{c2::5}} ft
Published	07/07/2024	The ideal body weight for {{c1::women::gender}} is {{c2::100}} lbs + {{c3::5}} lbs for every inch over {{c4::5}} ft
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Albumin::nutritional indicator}} < {{c1::3.0}} is a strong risk factor for morbidity and mortality after surgery
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::Pre-operative}} nutrition is indicated for patients undergoing {{c2::thoracic}} surgery and {{c2::major abdominal}} surgery
Published	07/07/2024	Early {{c3::enteral feeding::nutrition}} increases survivial in patients with {{c1::sepsis}} and {{c2::pancreatitis}}
Published	07/07/2024	Respiratory quotient is a ratio of {{c1::CO2 produced}} to {{c1::O2 consumed}}
Published	07/07/2024	Lipo{{c2::gene}}sis causes {{c1::in}}creased production of CO2, thus {{c1::in}}creasing the respiratory quotient
Published	07/07/2024	Lipo{{c2::ly}}sis causes {{c1::de}}creased production of CO2, thus {{c1::de}}creasing the respiratory quotient
Published	07/07/2024	Postoperative phase during days {{c1::0}}-{{c1::3}} is the {{c2::catabolic}} phase
Published	07/07/2024	Postoperative phase during days {{c1::2}}-{{c1::5}} is the {{c2::diuresis}} phase
Published	07/07/2024	Postoperative phase during days {{c2::3}}-{{c2::6}} is the {{c1::anabolic}} phase
Published	07/07/2024	Glycogen stores are depleted after {{c2::24}}-{{c2::36}} hours of starvation ({{c1::2/3::fraction}} stored in {{c3::muscle}} and {{c1::1/3::…
Published	07/07/2024	The main amino acid used in gluconeogensis is {{c1::alanine}}
Published	07/07/2024	During stages of late starvation, gluconeogenesis occurs in the {{c1::kidney}}
Published	07/07/2024	The body conserves {{c2::proteins}} in a state of starvation, but starvation does NOT occur after {{c3::trauma}} due to {{c1::catecholamines}} an…
Published	07/07/2024	In starvation, the body uses mostly {{c1::fat}} for nutrition
Published	07/07/2024	In trauma patients, the body uses {{c1::both fat and proteins}} for nutrition
Published	07/07/2024	Most patients can tolerate {{c3::7}} days without food; if a longer time is required, place {{c1::Dobhoff}} tube or start {{c2::TPN}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::Tube feeds::TPN or tube feed}} are preferred to {{c1::TPN::TPN or tube feed}} due to decreased risk of bacterial {{c2::translocation}}…
Published	07/07/2024	Patients NOT recieving tube feeds are at a higher risk of {{c1::bacterial translocation}} due to starved {{c2::enterocytes}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::PEG}} tube is placed when nutrition is required for >{{c2::4}} weeks
Published	07/07/2024	Tube-feed associated {{c1::diarrhea}} can be mitigated by {{c2::slowing the rate}}, adding {{c3::fiber}}, and having less {{c4::concentrated feeds}}
Published	07/07/2024	A complication of tube feeds is {{c3::high gastric residuals}} where the stomach retains fluidand is treated with {{c1::metoclopramide}} and {{c2::ery…
Published	07/07/2024	{{c4::Renal}} formulation tube feeds contain lower concentrations of {{c1::potassium}}, {{c2::phosphate}}, and {{c3::protein}}
Published	07/07/2024	During starvation, the brain utilizes {{c1::ketones}} for energy
Published	07/07/2024	Patients with refeeding syndrome often have a history of {{c1::ETOH}} abuse
Published	07/07/2024	Symptoms of refeeding syndrome usually occur on day {{c1::4}} of feeding
Published	07/07/2024	Refeeding syndrome risk can be mitigated by low rate feeds ({{c1::10}}-{{c1::15}} kcal/kg/day)
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Protein}} deficiency is called {{c1::kwashiorkor}}
Published	07/07/2024	Most protein breakdown comes from {{c3::skeletal muscle}} and is primarily {{c1::glutamine (#1)::amino acid}} and {{c2::alanine::amino acid}}
Published	07/07/2024	Essential fatty acids include {{c1::linolenic}} acid and {{c1::linoleic}} acid and are essential for synthesis of {{c2::prostaglandins}} and for&…
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::Gluc}}ose is absorbed via {{c2::Na/ATPase gradient}} and released into portal vein
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::Fruct}}ose is absorbed via {{c2::facilitated diffusion}} and released into the portal vein
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::Trypsinogen}} is released from the {{c3::pancreas}} in the inactive form and is activated by {{c4::enterokinase}}, which is released in the…
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::Non-e}}ssential amino acids are those that start with {{c2::C}}, {{c2::A}}, or {{c2::G}}, as well as {{c3::tyrosine}} and {{c3::p…
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::10}}% of TPN is {{c2::amino acid}} solution
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::25}}% of TPN is {{c2::dextrose}} solution
Published	07/07/2024	The function of {{c2::acetate}} in TPN solution is {{c1::a buffer}}
Published	07/07/2024	The two parts of TPN that are given separately include {{c1::lipids}} and vitamin {{c2::K}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common short-term complication of TPN is {{c1::infection}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common long-term complication of TPN is {{c1::cirrhosis}}
Published	07/07/2024	Metabolic syndrome criteria (3 or more):T{{c1::riglycerides >100}}O{{c2::besity}}P{{c3::ressure (HTN)}}H{{c1::DL <50}}I{{c4::nsulin resistance (…
Published	07/07/2024	TPN patients who have trouble weaning from ventilator most likely have TPN-induced {{c2::cyclic hypercapnia}}and is treated with {{c1::decreasing carb…
Published	07/07/2024	Respiratory quotient: - {{c3::Fat}} utilization = {{c2::0.7}} - {{c3::Protein}} utilization = {{c2::0.8}} - {{c3::Carbohydrate}} utiliz…
Published	07/07/2024	When administering TPN, avoid mixing {{c1::albumin}} and {{c2::iron dextran}} because it may cause {{c3::precipitation of the TPN components}}
Published	07/07/2024	For every {{c1::10}} mEq of potassium given, the serum potassium should increase by {{c1::0.1}}
Published	07/07/2024	Standard potassium replacement involves infusion of potassium {{c1::chloride}}
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