Notes in 05LE Mechanics of breathing,pressures and work

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Published	01/07/2025	What is ventilation?
Published	01/07/2025	What is respiration?
Published	01/07/2025	What is cellular respiration?
Published	01/07/2025	Where does intrapleural space exist?
Published	01/07/2025	What is tidal volume?What is tidal volume at rest?
Published	01/07/2025	What is normal respiratory rate?
Published	01/07/2025	What is minute ventilation?
Published	01/07/2025	What is alveolar ventilation?
Published	01/07/2025	What happens to the:-diaphragm-Scalene musclesduring inspiration?
Published	01/07/2025	What are the accessory muscles involved in forced inspiration?
Published	01/07/2025	What type of process is inspiration?>What does this mean?
Published	01/07/2025	Describe what happens when the inspiratory muscles contract.(4)- expansion of?- leading to an increase of?- decrease in which pressures?- what does th…
Published	01/07/2025	What must happen for flow of air into the lungs?
Published	01/07/2025	What happens to the pressures at the end of inspiration?
Published	01/07/2025	What type of process is expiration?Why does expiration occur?
Published	01/07/2025	What happens to the pressures during expiration?intrapleural and alveolar pressures increase or decrease?
Published	01/07/2025	What does forced expiration require? (3)--What happens to Intrapleural pressure?
Published	01/07/2025	What determines whether air enters or leaves the lungs?
Published	01/07/2025	Describe Intrapleural pressure(3)pleural space is?Slightly what due to recoil of chest and lungs away from each other?stops lungs from?
Published	01/07/2025	Under physiological conditions (quiet breathing):-The {{c1::transmural pulmonary}} pressure is always {{c2::positive}}-The {{c1::intrapleural}} pressu…
Published	01/07/2025	What is the intra-pulmonary/alveolar pressure at the end of inspiration and expiration?
Published	01/07/2025	For a given lung volume, the {{c1::transmural pulmonary}} pressure is {{c1::equal and opposite}} to the {{c1::elastic recoil}} pressure of the lung
Published	01/07/2025	What is the purpose of transmural pulmonary pressure?
Published	01/07/2025	Define functional residual capacity
Published	01/07/2025	Describe what happens to the-respiratory muscles-lungs-chest wallat Functional residual capacity (FRC)(2)
Published	01/07/2025	What is the volume of air at FRC determined by?
Published	01/07/2025	FRC is affected by lung diseases, give two examples of diseases that affect FRC and explain them.
Published	01/07/2025	Define Impedance
Published	01/07/2025	When our respiratory muscles contract for inspiration, what force must be overcome?
Published	01/07/2025	Define compliance
Published	01/07/2025	What type of structure are the lungs?What are they made of?
Published	01/07/2025	Define distending pressure
Published	01/07/2025	Describe what this graph shows:Define the key terms
Published	01/07/2025	What is a dynamic pressure-volume loop obtained from?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the airflow and alveolar pressures at the end of inspiration/expiration?
Published	01/07/2025	What is hysteresis?difference between which curves? for what?lung is less compliant at ... volumes
Published	01/07/2025	Describe Laminar airflow (4)
Published	01/07/2025	Describe Turbulent airflow- at what points in the aiways is there turbulent flow?- when does turbulent flow occur? responsible for?
Published	01/07/2025	Where does airway resistance originate from?What does airway resistance affect?
Published	01/07/2025	How do we calculate Airflow?Describe the relationship of airflow and viscosity
Published	01/07/2025	What are the factors affecting laminar flow(airway resistance)? (4)-Parasympathetic nerve supply affects?    -B-adrenergic receptors ca…
Published	01/07/2025	Describe how bronchoconstriction & bronchodilation affect airflowrefer to radius, resistance, airflow
Published	01/07/2025	What are the factors that may cause increased airway resistance in asthma? (4)
Published	01/07/2025	Increased airflow resistance in COPD can be as a result of what 2 things?
Published	01/07/2025	Describe surface tension (3)>Caused by what in alveoli?>Forces between molecules at surfaces of alveolus creates a tension which will shrin…
Published	01/07/2025	Describe Atelectasis
Published	01/07/2025	What are patient factors affecting surface tension?
Published	01/07/2025	What is a pulmonary surfactant?
Published	01/07/2025	What are pulmonary surfactants produced by?
Published	01/07/2025	What is a key property of pulmonary surfactants?
Published	01/07/2025	Why is pulmonary surfactant important? (4)
Published	01/07/2025	what does surface tension do in relation to capillaries
Published	01/07/2025	Describe neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
Published	01/07/2025	Tidal Volume
Published	01/07/2025	What is the following definition reffering to?Chest wall exerts a distending pressure on the pleural space which is transmitted to the alveoli to incr…
Published	01/07/2025	Frictional Airway Resistance and Elastic Resistance to stretching of the lungs and chest wall
Published	01/07/2025	Impedance
Published	01/07/2025	When the pressure difference across the lung is equal to the alveolar-intrapleural pressure
Published	01/07/2025	At higher volumes, is the lung more or less compliant?
Published	01/07/2025	Describe compliance in interstitial fibrosis vs emphysema.
Published	01/07/2025	Centre layers move faster than outer ones forming a cone-shaped front
Published	01/07/2025	Friction between air and mucosa generates...
Published	01/07/2025	What do type II pneumocytes produce?
Published	01/07/2025	Increased airflow resistance as a result of:       -Bronchoconstriction       -chronic mucosal hypertrophyis a…
Published	01/07/2025	Increased airway resistance caused by:       -Bronchoconstriction       -mucosal oedema (swelling)  …
Published	01/07/2025	What happens to the:-intercostal muscles-ribsduring inspiration?
Published	01/07/2025	Why does intrapleural pressure not equilibriate with the atmosphere?
Published	01/07/2025	Why is intrapleural pressure slightly sub-atmospheric? (3)What does this help prevent? (1)
Published	01/07/2025	What is the transpulmonary pressure the pressure difference between?
Published	01/07/2025	What structures create the transmural pulmonary pressure (Ptp)?
Published	01/07/2025	What is lung compliance?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the elastic recoil of the lungs balanced by?
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Published	01/07/2025	Relationship between airway resistance and 4th power of the radius
Published	01/07/2025	What can Airway resistance be assessed  from?
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Published	01/07/2025	Why is inspiration shorter than expiration?
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Published	01/07/2025	When is lung less compliant?
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