Notes in respiratory pathogens

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Published	09/08/2024	indication for respiratory culture1. you are unsure if the disease is {{c1::bacterial}} or {{c1::viral}}2. to pick a more specific {{c2::antibiotic}} …
Published	09/08/2024	processing time for respiratory culture is {{c1::2-4 days}}
Published	09/08/2024	respiratory culture must be at {{c1::room}} temp for storage to lab
Published	09/08/2024	name some common viral infections:-{{c1::rhinovirus}}-{{c1::adenovirus}}-{{c1::coronavirus}}-{{c1::influenza virus}}-{{c1::parainfluenza virus}}
Published	09/08/2024	name some less common viral infections:-{{c1::respiratory syncytial virus}}-{{c2::epstein-Barr virus}}{{c3::-rubeola (measles)}}
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::immunocompromised}} patients  have a higher occurrence of {{c2::fungal}} respiratory infections
Published	09/08/2024	name a few fungal infection pathogens:-{{c1::aspergillus species}}-{{c1::cryptococcus species}}-{{c2::candida species}}-{{c2::pneumocystis jirovecci (…
Published	09/08/2024	where can you acquire a {{c2::blastomycosis}} fungal infection?{{c1::Ohio}}, {{c1::Mississipp}}i, {{c1::Ms. valleys}}
Published	09/08/2024	where can you acquire a {{c1::histoplasmosis}} fungal infection?{{c2::soil enriched with bat droppings (e.g., in a cave)}}
Published	09/08/2024	where can you acquire a {{c2::coccidioidomycosis}} fungal infection?{{c1::San Joaquin Valley (American southwest)}}
Published	09/08/2024	where can you acquire a {{c2::Paracoccidioidomycosis}} fungal infection?{{c1::South America}}
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::Aspergillosis}} is a common mold that can cause fungal infection of the {{c2::lungs}}, especially in immunocompromised patients or tho…
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1:: aspergilloma}} is a fungal {{c2:: ball}} caused by Aspergillosis that can be seen as a cavitary lesion in the lungs on imaging
Published	09/08/2024	name a few intestinal parasites that can invade the respiratory system-{{c1::protozoa}}-{{c1::nematodes (roundworms)}}-{{c1::trematodes (flatworms)}}-…
Published	09/08/2024	patient with a parasitic infection of the lungs may present with {{c1::asthma}}-like symptoms and {{c2::eosinophilia}}
Published	09/08/2024	what are the primary viral causes of URIs?{{c1::rhinovirus}}{{c1::coronavirus}}
Published	09/08/2024	how to diagnose URI:{{c1::clinical appearance (reserve diagnostic testing for severe cases or where specific viral pathogen information is needed)}}
Published	09/08/2024	how to detect influenza?{{c1::nasal}} swab tests for {{c1:: influenza A}} and {{c1::B}}
Published	09/08/2024	name two testing methods for influenza virus:-{{c1::rapid testing}}-{{c1::molecular (PCR) testing}}
Published	09/08/2024	name some acute lower respiratory infections:-{{c1::whooping cough (pertussis)}}-{{c1::acute bronchitis}}-{{c1::bronchiolitis}}-{{c1::TB}}
Published	09/08/2024	which microorganism causes whooping cough?{{c1::Bordetella pertussis}}
Published	09/08/2024	which tests can you use to look for pertussis in a patient who has had a cough for less than 4 weeks?{{c1::PCR}} or {{c1::culture}}
Published	09/08/2024	which tests can you use to look for pertussis in a patient who has had a cough for more than 2 weeks?{{c1::PCR (up to 4 weeks since onset)}} or {{c1::…
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::RSV}} is the primary cause of {{c2::bronchiolitis}}
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::mycobacterium tuberculosis}} is the microorganism that causes TB
Published	09/08/2024	how long does it take to grow m. tuberculosis in culture?up to {{c1::6 weeks}}
Published	09/08/2024	name some diagnostic tests for TB:-{{c1::PPD}}-{{c2::chest x-ray}}-{{c3::AFB stain}}-{{c4::immunologic, PCR, or DNA probe}}
Published	09/08/2024	what does m. tuberculosis look like on AFB stain?{{c1::pink/purplish rods}}
Published	09/08/2024	what are some common causes of infection in patients with cystic fibrosis?-{{c1::pseudomonas aeruginosa}}-{{c2::staphylococcus aureus}}-{{c3::hemophil…
Published	09/08/2024	what test can you use to diagnose CF?{{c1::sweat chloride}}
Published	09/08/2024	describe the pathophysiology of lung infection in patients with cystic fibrosis:Bronchial secretions in CF are {{c1::viscid}} and {{c1::poorly moved}}…
Published	09/08/2024	how are species of streptococcus classified?based on their ability to {{c1::hemolyze blood}}
Published	09/08/2024	name the three categories of streptococcus species and how they affect the blood1. {{c1::alpha-hemolytic: incomplete hemolysis}}2. {{c2::beta-hemolyti…
Published	09/08/2024	which type of streptococcus species does not hemolyze blood?{{c1::gamma hemolytic}}
Published	09/08/2024	name a few common causes of exudative pleural effusion (7){{c1::-autoimmune disease-esophageal rupture-infection-malignancy-pancreatitis-post-CABG-PE}…
Published	09/08/2024	how to use light's criteria?One of the following must be true for the pleural effusion to be classified as exudative:1. {{c1::ratio of fluid protein t…
Published	09/08/2024	name a few common causes of transudative pleural effusion-{{c1::hypoalbuminemia}}-{{c2::CHF}}-{{c3::constrictive pericarditis}}
Published	09/08/2024	what distinguishes a exudative pleural effusion?{{c1::higher protein content, possible cells, and increased LDH}}
Published	09/08/2024	what distinguishes a transudative pleural effusion?{{c1::low protein, no cells, low LDH}}
Published	09/08/2024	what are common viral causes of {{c3::pharyngitis}}?{{c1::adenoviruses}}{{c1::EBV}}{{c2::HSV}}{{c2::coxsackie A}}
Published	09/08/2024	describe the clinical presentation of viral pharyngitis-appears to be related to {{c1::common cold}}-{{c1::low grade}} fever-{{c1::fatigue}}-{{c2::mya…
Published	09/08/2024	describe the clinical presentation of {{c6::bacterial pharyngitis}}-marked {{c1::pharyngeal }} pain and/or difficulty {{c1:: swallowing}}-high {{c2::f…
Published	09/08/2024	what is a complication of untreated bacterial pharyngitis?{{c1::rheumatic fever}}
Published	09/08/2024	how to diagnose HAP{{c1::chest x-ray or chest CT}}, note that {{c2::cultures}} are prone to false positives and false negatives
Published	09/08/2024	what are the three causes of aspiration pneumoniae{{c1::1. gram negative baccilli (pseudomonas)2. anaerobes3. s. aureus}}
Published	09/08/2024	how to test for VAP{{c1::respiratory secretions}} gathered via the ET tube plus {{c1::peripheral blood cultures}}
Published	09/08/2024	common pathogens in HAP → EKEPAS-{{c1::e. coli}}-{{c1::k. pneumoniae}}-{{c2::enterobacter}}-{{c2::pseudomonas aeruginosa}}-{{c3::acinetobacter}}-{{c3:…
Published	09/08/2024	common viral causes of CAP{{c1::-influenza}}-{{c1::RSV}}-{{c2::adenovirus}}-{{c2::parainfluenza}}-{{c3::coronavirus}}
Published	09/08/2024	common bacterial causes of CAP SHMSK{{c1::-s. pneumoniae}}-{{c1::h. influenzae}}-{{c2::m. catarrhalis}}-{{c2::s. aureus}}-{{c3::k. pneumoniae}}
Published	09/08/2024	how are beta-hemolytic streptococcus types further classifiedbased on the {{c1::carbohydrates}} in their cell walls.
Published	09/08/2024	name the categories of {{c5::beta}}-hemolytic streptococcus1. {{c1::group A - common pathogens}}2. {{c2::group B - common pathogens}}3. {{c3::Group D …
Published	09/08/2024	which type of streptococcus species oxidizes iron and thus appears green on culture media?{{c1::alpha-hemolytic}}
Published	09/08/2024	what is the shape of {{c2::streptococcus pneumoniae}}?{{c1::diplococci}} or {{c1::short chains}}
Published	09/08/2024	what is the #1 cause of CAP (bacterial)?{{c1::streptococcus pneumoniae (alpha-hemolytic)}}
Published	09/08/2024	what is the #2 cause of bacterial meningitis?{{c1::streptococcus pneumoniae (alpha-hemolytic)}}
Published	09/08/2024	where can alpha-hemolytic streptococcus viridans be found as normal flora in the body?{{c1::respiratory tract}}
Published	09/08/2024	what is the #1 cause of subacute {{c2::bacterial endocarditis?}}{{c1::streptococcus viridans (alpha hemolytic strep)}}
Published	09/08/2024	what category of streptococcus is s. pneumoniae?{{c1::alpha-hemolytic}}
Published	09/08/2024	what category of streptococcus is s. viridans?{{c1::alpha-hemolytic}}
Published	09/08/2024	which streptococcus species do you test for in a rapid strep test?{{c1::streptococcus pyogenes}}
Published	09/08/2024	where can streptococcus pyogenes be found as normal flora?{{c1::NOWHERE. this is always a pathogen}}
Published	09/08/2024	what category of streptococcus is s. pyogenes?{{c1::group A beta-hemolytic}}
Published	09/08/2024	when to test for Group A beta-hemolytic strep?if the patient has a {{c1::sore throat}} and a streptococcal score of {{c2::2-3}} (consider the test if …
Published	09/08/2024	what criteria go into a streptococcal score1. {{c1::absence of cough}}2. {{c1::swollen and tender anterior cervical nodes}}3. {{c2::tem…
Published	09/08/2024	what is another name for strep throat?{{c1::pharyngitis}}
Published	09/08/2024	what are some skin infections that {{c4::S. pyogenes}} causes?{{c1::erysipelas}}{{c1::impetigo}}{{c2::necrotizing-fasciitis}}{{c2::otitis media}}-{{c3…
Published	09/08/2024	name three types of infections that s. pyogenes can cause1. {{c1::pharyngitis}}2. {{c1::scarlet fever}}3. {{c1::skin infection}}
Published	09/08/2024	describe rheumatic fever:Following a {{c1::strep pyogenes}} infection, the body has a {{c2::hypersensitivity}} response. Antibodies to strep bind to m…
Published	09/08/2024	Describe acute glomerulonephritis:Following {{c1::s. pyogenes}} infection, {{c2::Ag-Ab}} complexes form and are deposited in the {{c3::glomeruli}}. In…
Published	09/08/2024	what type of streptococcus is s. agalactiae?{{c1::Group B beta-hemolytic}}
Published	09/08/2024	where can s. agalactiae be found as normal flora in the body?{{c1::genitourinary tract}}
Published	09/08/2024	name a few infections that s. agalactiae can cause the following especially in the elderly/immunocompromised: {{c1::UTI}}{{c1::pneumonia}}{{c2::b…
Published	09/08/2024	what is the #1 cause of neonatal sepsis and meningitis?{{c1::Group B beta-hemolytic strep agalactiae}}
Published	09/08/2024	where can gamma hemolytic strep be found as normal flora in the body?{{c1::throat}}
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::enterococcus faecalis (gram-positive cocci)}} is the #1 cause of a {{c2::gram-positive UTI}}
Published	09/08/2024	name two types of {{c2::alpha-hemolytic}} streptococcus{{c1::strep pneumo, strep viridans}}
Published	09/08/2024	name two types of beta-hemolytic strep{{c1::s. pyogenes (group A)}} and {{c1::s. agalactiae (Group B)}}
Published	09/08/2024	what are the three categories of pneumonia{{c1::community-acquiredhospital-acquiredventilator-associated}}
Published	09/08/2024	what lab value can you use to differentiate viral from bacterial pneumonia?{{c1::procalcitonin}} - this is released by parenchymal cells in response t…
Published	09/08/2024	name the typical causes of pneumonia → SHSKP-{{c1::S. pneumoniae}}-{{c1::H. influenzae}}-{{c2::s. aureus}}-{{c2::k. pneumoniae}}-{{c3::p. aeruginosa}}
Published	09/08/2024	name the atypical causes of pneumonia → MCLR-{{c1::m. pneumoniae}}-{{c1::c. pneumoniae}}-{{c2::legionella}}-{{c2::respiratory viruses}}
Published	09/08/2024	what are the most common causes of CAP?{{c1::streptococcus pneumoniae}} and {{c1::respiratory viruses}}
Published	09/08/2024	how to diagnose CAP1. {{c1::radiologic findings (infiltrates observed)}}2. {{c1::clinical findings}}
Published	09/08/2024	clinical findings in CAP-{{c1::cough-fever-dyspnea-sputum production}}
Published	09/08/2024	{{c2::Alpha}} hemolytic streptococcus includes {{c1::strep pneumoniae}} and {{c1::strep viridans }}
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::beta}} hemolytic streptococcus is further divided into groups based on their {{c1::carbohydrates}} in the cell wall → groups A, B, D, and E-U
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::streptococcus pneumoniae}} is the #1 cause of {{c2::CAP}} and #2 cause of {{c2::bacterial meningitis}}
Published	09/08/2024	use the {{c1::centor criteria}} to decide when to test for {{c2::beta-hemolytic group A strep}}
Published	09/08/2024	if the centor criteria score a:{{c1::0}}: {{c2::dont test or treat}}{{c1::1}}: {{c2::consider test}}{{c1::2-3}}: {{c2::test}}{{c1::4}}: {{c2::abx trea…
Published	09/08/2024	beta-hemolytic group B consists of {{c1::strep agalactiae }}
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::enterococcus faecalis}} can be normal in the throat and fecal flora
Published	09/08/2024	beta hemolytic group D consists of {{c1::enterococcus (enterococcus faecalis)}}
Published	09/08/2024	normal flora consists of:{{c1::streptococcus (gram + cocci)staphylococcus (gram + cocci)neisseria (gram - cocci)moraxella / catarralis (gram - cocci)d…
Published	09/08/2024	abnormal bacterial organisms in the respiratory tract consists of:{{c1::pseudomonasenterococcusklebsiellalegionellamycobacteriumbordetellaanaerobes}}
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