Notes in Exam I

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	11/20/2024	Describe the differences between the Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic central dogma
Published	09/16/2024	After transcription, what RNA post-processing steps must be taken before transport out of the nucleus
Published	09/16/2024	What are the pros and cons between the methods of DNA>protein synthesis in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
Published	09/16/2024	Gene vs Genome vs Chromosome
Published	09/16/2024	How many chomosomes do cattle have
Published	09/16/2024	What two types of chromsomes make up karyotypes
Published	09/16/2024	What is the primary method to tell apart chomosomes in a karyotype?
Published	09/16/2024	How many pairs of chomosomes do canines have?
Published	09/16/2024	What are the main structures of the chromosome, and how are they described?
Published	09/16/2024	What are the different configurations for centromere attachment?
Published	09/16/2024	Why is osteosarcoma so deadly?
Published	09/16/2024	How does chemotherapy work?
Published	09/16/2024	What are the primary chromosome presentations present in canine osteosarc?
Published	09/16/2024	What are the P and Q arms, and how are they determined on a metacentric chromosome?
Published	09/16/2024	What are the two forms of sex related inheritance, and how do they work?
Published	09/16/2024	What are sex linked genes, and what is the most common type of sex linkage?
Published	09/16/2024	What are the parts making up a protein coding gene?
Published	09/16/2024	How much of the overall DNA sequence do exon segments make up?
Published	09/16/2024	What are the 3 components of a nucleotide?
Published	09/16/2024	Describe the two grooves of the DNA double helix, and their defining feature.
Published	09/16/2024	Describe the differences between heterochromatin and euchromatin, and how do they relate to transcription?
Published	09/16/2024	What is a nucleosome, and what is it's structure?
Published	09/16/2024	What structures of a nucleosome can be modified, and in what ways?
Published	09/16/2024	What are the methods of histone tail modification, and how do they interact with eachother?
Published	09/16/2024	What is the chromatin modeling pathway, and what is it important for?
Published	09/16/2024	What does it mean that DNA replication is semi-conservative?
Published	09/16/2024	What direction is the Template strand read, and the coding strand synthesized?
Published	09/16/2024	What are the stages of the eukaryotic life cycle and what occurs in each?
Published	09/16/2024	What are the 6 primary structures involved in DNA replication, and what do they do?
Published	09/16/2024	Why are primers made of RNA?
Published	09/16/2024	What are the differences in the transcription pathway between the leading and lagging strand of DNA?
Published	09/16/2024	How do the two DNA polymerases work on the lagging strand?
Published	09/16/2024	How do nucleosomes form after duplication?
Published	09/16/2024	What are telomeres?
Published	09/16/2024	How does telomerase act on the lagging strand?
Published	09/16/2024	What are the primary causes for telomere loss?
Published	09/16/2024	How are telomeres different in cancer cells?
Published	09/16/2024	What are the two types of DNA proofreading?
Published	09/16/2024	What are the main causes of DNA alterations/mutation/damage?
Published	09/16/2024	What are the 3 DNA repair pathways, and what do they do?
Published	09/16/2024	How can mutations effect Somatic cells? Germ cells?
Published	09/16/2024	What is the retrovirus lifecycle?
Published	09/16/2024	Broadly describe recombination, and how it contributes to genetic diversity
Published	09/16/2024	What are the potential outcomes of recombination?
Published	09/16/2024	What are the 3 categories of RNA?
Published	09/16/2024	What are the three RNA polymerases, and what do they produce?
Published	09/16/2024	What are the 5 differences of RNA synthesis compared to DNA synthesis?
Published	09/16/2024	Which DNA strand can be used for RNA synthesis?
Published	11/20/2024	What is the complete transcription initiation pathway? (With specific factor and polymerase)
Published	09/16/2024	What importance does the 5' cap and 3' poly-A tail hold?
Published	09/16/2024	What are consensus sites for DNA splicing?
Published	09/16/2024	What is the broad pathway for RNA splicing?
Published	09/16/2024	What is alternative splicing, and why is it important?
Published	09/16/2024	Where/when does RNA editing occur, and why is it important?
Published	09/16/2024	What are the two most important translation initiation factors on the mRNA, and where do they bind?
Published	11/20/2024	What are the four broad steps for mRNA translation?
Published	09/16/2024	What are the two subunits of ribosomes, and in what order do they attach?
Published	09/16/2024	What does polyribosome translation mean?
Published	09/16/2024	What are the five key components for mRNA translation?
Published	09/16/2024	Why are there three reading frames for mRNA translation?
Published	09/16/2024	What do Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases do?
Published	09/16/2024	What are the three sites on the large ribosomal subunit?
Published	09/16/2024	What is the key initiation factor for ribosome binding? Why?
Published	09/16/2024	What is the start codon, and what amino acid does it code for?
Published	09/16/2024	What direction is mRNA read for translation?
Published	09/16/2024	What is the rate that amino acids are added to a peptide? Why is this significant?
Published	09/16/2024	What are the three main steps of elongation?
Published	09/16/2024	What are the two elongation factors, and what are their actions?
Published	09/16/2024	What are the three stop codons, and what is the termination pathway?
Published	09/16/2024	What is the mode of action for Tetracycline?
Published	09/16/2024	What is the mode of action for Streptomycin?
Published	09/16/2024	What is the mode of action for Chloramphenicol?
Published	09/16/2024	What is the mode of action for Erythromycin?
Published	09/16/2024	What is the mode of action for Actinomycin D?
Published	09/16/2024	What are the two mechanisms for reducing incorrect tRNA binding, and what are the two proofreading mechanisms in case it happens?
Published	09/16/2024	What material is known for marking proteins for degradation?
Published	09/16/2024	What are the two major categories for protein degradation?
Published	09/16/2024	What is the pathway (with enzymes) for cytosolic degradation?
Published	11/20/2024	What are the three types of ubiquitin marking? Which one is important for proteasomal degradation?
Published	09/16/2024	What are the two main methods of transcription regulation on the sequence itself?
Published	09/16/2024	What type of proteins attach to regulatory regions, and what do they do for transcription?
Published	09/16/2024	What part of the transcription process is the most beneficial to control/regulate?
Published	09/16/2024	What are insulator elements?
Published	09/16/2024	What is the name for areas prone to DNA methylation?
Published	09/16/2024	What structure can remove histones, increasing gene activation?
Published	09/16/2024	What DNA structure do gene regulatory proteins typically bind to?
Published	09/16/2024	What are 4 of the 7 methods for regulating regulatory proteins
Published	09/16/2024	Why is it important for mRNAs to be localized to different regions?
Published	09/16/2024	How can mRNA stability be altered/influenced?
Published	09/16/2024	How can mRNA splicing be regulated?
Published	09/16/2024	In what 3 ways can non-coding RNA (miRNA, dsRNA, etc.) regulate mRNA?
Published	09/16/2024	What are the 3 most common chemical modifications of proteins post-translation?
Published	09/16/2024	What is proteolytic processing of proteins? (Not cytosolic degradation)
Published	09/16/2024	How does AA polarity effect protein folding?
Published	09/16/2024	What are the two possible fates for a misfolded protein?
Published	09/16/2024	What are the four structural organizations of proteins? And briefly describe them.
Published	09/16/2024	What is a protein domain?
Published	09/16/2024	What is a protein module?
Published	09/16/2024	What are the three non-equilibrium reactions in glycolysis?
Published	09/16/2024	At which step of glycolysis can Glycogen be produced as a separate pathway?
Published	09/16/2024	At which step of glycolysis does the 6-carbon molecule break into two 3-carbon molecules?
Published	09/16/2024	Where does the TCA cycle and electron transport chain take place?
Published	09/16/2024	What does pyruvate become before the TCA cycle can begin? What are the byproducts?
Published	09/16/2024	What is the "electron shuttle" of the mitochondria, and what are its components?
Published	09/16/2024	What is the product of the "final" reaction of the TCA cycle, and why is it important?
Published	09/16/2024	What are the energy products of the TCA cycle, per pyruvate?
Published	09/16/2024	What does the electron transport chain accomplish? What molecules are utilized to initiate and complete the chain?
Published	09/16/2024	How does ATP synthase utilize the proton gradient?
Published	09/16/2024	In anaerobic conditions, what does pyruvate get turned into, and what are its two fates?
Published	09/16/2024	Why aren't RBC capable of the TCA cycle?
Published	09/16/2024	What occurs during the Cori Cycle?
Published	09/16/2024	Briefly describe gluconeogenesis, and what tissues it occurs in.
Published	09/16/2024	Why is gluconeogenesis important?
Published	09/16/2024	What are the three precursor molecules for gluconeogenesis? Which is the most important?
Published	09/16/2024	What three steps of glycolysis need special enzymes or intermediates in order to be reversed during gluconeogenesis?
Published	09/16/2024	Which gluconeogenesis/glycolysis intermediates do glycerols, lactates, and amino acids become?
Published	09/16/2024	What is a byproduct of amino acids entering gluconeogenesis, and what happens to it?
Published	09/16/2024	What two amino acids are only ketogenic, and how many are ketogenic AND glucogenic?
Published	09/16/2024	What are the two categories of glucose transport, and what are their overall functions?
Published	09/16/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1696:top=.1492:width=.2659:height=.0935:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4787:top=.1509:width=.452:height=.1723…
Published	09/19/2024	What are the two major sources of fatty acids?
Published	11/20/2024	What are two primary (glycolysis intermediate) precursors for generating fatty acids?
Published	09/19/2024	Where does FA synthesis occur, and how can acetyl CoA get there?
Published	09/19/2024	How are fatty acids utilized for energy?
Published	09/19/2024	What tissues is fatty acid catabolism most common? Which tissues can it not occur?
Published	09/19/2024	What two conditions lead to ketone body formation?
Published	09/19/2024	What are ketone bodies made of, in basic terms?
Published	09/19/2024	Where are ketone bodies primarily produced?
Published	09/19/2024	How does Insulin activate its receptor?
Published	09/19/2024	What tissues are regulated by insulin?
Published	09/19/2024	What processes occur in the liver during the absorptive phase?
Published	09/19/2024	What processes occur in the liver during the post-absorptive state?
Published	09/19/2024	What processes occur in the liver during starvation?
Published	09/19/2024	What processes occur in the muscle during the absorptive phase?
Published	09/19/2024	What processes occur in the muscle during the post-absorptive phase
Published	09/19/2024	What processes occur in the muscle during starvation?
Published	09/19/2024	What processes occur in RBCs during the absorptive phase? Does it differ in other phases?
Published	09/19/2024	What processes occur in Adipose tissue during the absorptive phase?
Published	09/19/2024	Once insulin concentration drops, and glucagon concentration increases, what processes begin occurring in adipose tissue? (post-absorptive and starvat…
Published	09/19/2024	What processes occur in Neuronal tissues & BBB during the absorptive phase? How does that change as time without food increases?
Published	09/19/2024	What overall processes does increased insulin regulate?
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