Notes in CDEN 711 Final

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	05/16/2024	Dental public health: the science and art of {{c1::preventing and controlling dental diseases and promoting dental health through organized community …
Published	05/16/2024	Three Core functions of Public Health • Assessment is the {{c1::regular and systematic collection, assemblage, analysis, and communication on the heal…
Published	05/16/2024	20th Century Public Health Achievements U.S. 1900-1999 * {{c1::Vaccination}} * {{c1::Motor Vehicle Safety}} * {{c1::Safer Workplaces}} * Control of {{…
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Published	05/16/2024	• {{c1::US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)}} is the primary federal agency that administers public health programs in the US.
Published	05/16/2024	• {{c1::Surgeon General}} - nation’s chief health educator, appointed by the {{c1::President}} and confirmed by the {{c1::Senate}}, and reports to the…
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Published	05/16/2024	{{c1::Administration for Children and Families}}• {{c2::Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)}} – Promotes health professions training throug…
Published	05/16/2024	{{c1::Administration for Community Living}} • Encourages the {{c2::Aging Services Network}} to engage in oral health promotion and disease prevention …
Published	05/16/2024	{{c1::Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality}} o Invests in research to make health care safer and improve quality, generates measures and data us…
Published	05/16/2024	{{c1::Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}} o {{c1::Division of Oral Health}}• {{c2::Helps states}} improve their oral health programs by…
Published	05/16/2024	{{c1::Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)}} • Oral Health Efforts: • Works to improve the {{c1::collection and analysis of data and quali…
Published	05/16/2024	{{c1::Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)}} • Health center program (more than 1,400 Federally Qualified Health Centers) increases acc…
Published	05/16/2024	{{c1::Indian Health Service (IHS)}} o Oral Health Activities • Provides oral health assessment and fluoride {{c2::varnish application training to prim…
Published	05/16/2024	{{c1::National Institutes of Health}}• NIH – conducts oral health and dental research through the {{c2::National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial …
Published	05/16/2024	{{c1::American Dental Association (ADA)}} • The largest and most influential dental organizations in the country. • Operates on a {{c2::tripartite bas…
Published	05/16/2024	{{c2::National Dental Association}}• Previously most dental associations did not accept {{c1::African American dentists}}, leading to the creation of …
Published	05/16/2024	{{c1::Hispanic Dental Association}}• Mission- “As the leading voice for Hispanic Oral Health we provide Service, Education, Advocacy, and Leadership f…
Published	05/16/2024	{{c1::World Dental Federation (FDI)}} •founded in Paris in 1900• The FDI is a federation of {{c2::National Dental Associations}}• Main roles - to brin…
Published	05/16/2024	{{c1::American Association of Public Health Dentistry}} • Founded in 1937, provides a focus for meeting the challenge to improve oral health. • member…
Published	05/16/2024	Dental Public Health Opportunities at OHSU • {{c1::Community Rotations- DS4s- 8 weeks rotations}} • {{c1::Bridges Collaborative Clinic}} • {{c1::Commu…
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Published	05/16/2024	cefda20c294348c5a15f57f2dcacb75b-ao-3
Published	05/16/2024	{{c1::20}}% of the children have {{c1::80}}% of the caries
Published	05/16/2024	caries is multifactorial: {{c1::Host, agent, and environemnt}}
Published	05/16/2024	• Caries Prevention modalities currently being used – {{c1::Fluorides}} – {{c1::Dental Sealants}} – {{c1::Xylitol}} – {{c1::Silver Diamine Fluoride}}
Published	05/16/2024	Caries Prevention Mechanism of fluorides • Pre-Eruptive {{c1::(systemic)}} – Reduction of {{c2::enamel solubility in acid}} by incorporation of {{c2:…
Published	05/16/2024	Fluoride works best in preventing dental caries when {{c1::Low ambient levels constantly present}} in the oral cavity – plaque, saliva, enamel surface…
Published	05/16/2024	Products Used in Caries Prevention • Community Level – {{c1::Water fluoridation}} – {{c1::School water fluoridation}} – {{c1::Salt}} – {{c1::Milk/juic…
Published	05/16/2024	Fluoride added to community water supplies hydrofluosilicic acid, sodium silicofluoride, and sodium fluoride Optimum level {{c1::0.7}} ppm Reduced fro…
Published	05/16/2024	5eb2b78af83844e6acb91744ac890ee4-ao-1
Published	05/16/2024	School Water Fluoridation • In communities where {{c1::water fluoridation not possible}} • Similar in concept to water fluoridation • F levels hi…
Published	05/16/2024	Fluoride Mouthrinses • Clinical Use – High Caries Risk – Non-Fluoridated areas • {{c1::NaF, APF, Stannous fluoride, Ammonium fluoride and Amine fluori…
Published	05/16/2024	Fluoride Varnishes Developed in late 1960s and early 1970s Improve shortcomings of fluoride gels and rinses Prolonging contact of fluoride with tooth …
Published	05/16/2024	99874a74326e45c0838e0754d282f661-ao-1
Published	05/16/2024	028159e6fcb141a79a6642b80bcfb426-ao-1
Published	05/16/2024	Fluoride and Human Health A. Acute effects of fluoride B. Chronic effects of fluoride 1. {{c1::Skeletal}} effects and {{c1::bone factures}} 2. {{c1::R…
Published	05/16/2024	Acute effects of Fluoride: {{c1::Gastrointestinal, Neurological, Cardiovascular, Blood chemistry}}
Published	05/16/2024	Toxic Doses of Fluoride: • Certainly Lethal Dose (CLD) – {{c1::32 to 64 mg F/kg body weight}} – which if ingested the individual is expected to die. N…
Published	05/16/2024	Probably Toxic doseFor a 2-year old child (average body weight 25 lbs or 10 Kgs.) – 57 gms or 2 ounces of a 1000 ppm fluoride toothpaste (less than {{…
Published	05/16/2024	•Fluorosis results from too much fluoride during {{c1::tooth development}}
Published	05/16/2024	Our Professional Responsibility • Balance use of fluoride to {{c1::increase}} its good caries preventive effect and {{c1::decrease}} fluorosis.
Published	05/16/2024	Dental Sealant • Professionally applied dental material used to prevent decay in the pits and fissures found on the {{c1::occlusal surfaces}} of {{c1:…
Published	05/16/2024	Rationale for Sealants • Occlusal surfaces are least protected by {{c1::fluorides}} • {{c1::90%}} of carious lesions are found in the {{c1::pits and f…
Published	05/16/2024	• Sealants could minimize the progression of {{c1::noncavitated occlusal carious lesions (also referred to as initial lesions)}} that receive a sealan…
Published	05/16/2024	Sealants Are of Uncertain Value on Primary Teeth • Sealant Retention • Different {{c1::enamel structure}} • Occlusal surfaces of primary molars {{c1::…
Published	05/16/2024	Sealants in public health programs • School-based sealant programs, CDC, could prevent {{c1::>3 million cavities}} and save up to {{c1::$300 millio…
Published	05/16/2024	Licensed dental hygienists can apply sealant {{c1::just as successfully}} as dentists can, but RDH’s {{c1::scope of practice}} differs according to {{…
Published	05/16/2024	In the United States, where children begin school at age 6, grades {{c1::1 to 2}} are the best times for sealing first molars, and grades {{c1::…
Published	05/16/2024	• In public programs, sealant application has been shown to be even less expensive than in {{c1::private practice settings}}, one-time cost per tooth …
Published	05/16/2024	• Similar to its predecessor fluoride varnish, SDF has not been approved as a dental caries arrest medicament and is administered in children and adul…
Published	05/16/2024	Silver Diamine Fluoride (AgF) • Preferred method when {{c1::local or general anesthesia}} is not preferred, when a patient is not able to {{c1::cooper…
Published	05/16/2024	ADA panel recommends use of {{c1::38%}} SDF {{c1::biannually}} to arrest cavitated lesions on primary teeth as first line of care
Published	05/16/2024	Xylitol Xylitol is a {{c1::five-carbon}} sugar alcohol Extracted from some fruits and vegetables (berries, corn and mushroom) Reduce {{c1::S. mutans}}…
Published	05/16/2024	Periodontal Disease Prevention • Mostly {{c1::Plaque Control}} {{c1::Mechanical (individual/professional) Chemical::methods}}
Published	05/16/2024	682dfeb9758644c8ac02754333dd85a0-ao-1
Published	05/16/2024	Powered toothbrushing is {{c2::more effective}} in removing plaque (round head) as compared to the manual brushingBrushing once a day works if {{c1::t…
Published	05/16/2024	Tongue {{c1::scraping}} is better than the tongue {{c1::brushing}} as it removes more {{c1::Sulphur}} particles from the tongue surface.
Published	05/16/2024	There is no difference of waxed and {{c1::un-waxed}} floss {{c1::nylon floss}}.{{c1::Gore-Tex}} floss works better in tight interproximal contacts.Int…
Published	05/16/2024	When the supragingival plaque become {{c1::established}} and {{c1::mineralized}}, it can be {{c1::only}} removed by the dental professional.Frequent p…
Published	05/16/2024	Chemotherapeutic Methods of Controlling Plaque • Mouthwash or mouth rinse have been developed for oral conditions like halitosis, xerostomia, dental c…
Published	05/16/2024	In addition to the cleaning of tooth surfaces with mild abrasives, the two most common antimicrobial agents are {{c1::stannous fluoride, and triclosan…
Published	05/16/2024	Oral Cancer • Major Risk factors- {{c1::Tobacco and alcohol use}} • Other Risk factors- {{c1::Prolonged sun exposure, Human papillomavirus, age, gende…
Published	05/16/2024	HPV vaccination could prevent {{c1::>90%}} of cancers caused by HPV
Published	05/16/2024	Oral Cancer Prevention • {{c1::Reduce risks}} • {{c1::Screening}} • {{c1::HPV vaccine}}
Published	05/16/2024	Epidemiology definitionclassic: The study of the factors determining the {{c1::frequency}} and {{c1::distribution}} of disease in human populatio…
Published	05/16/2024	Epidemiology main aims • To describe the {{c1::distribution and size}} of disease problems in human populations • To identify {{c1::etiological factor…
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Published	05/16/2024	Population descriptors § Frequencies of occurrence - {{c1::Number of cases}} § Rate – {{c1::number of cases/total number in population}} § Ratio – {{c…
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Published	05/16/2024	Types of studies – Summary definitions - Observational {{c1::Descriptive}}: Concerned with observing the distribution and progression of disease in po…
Published	05/16/2024	Types of studies – Summary definitions - Interventional {{c1::Experimental/Intervention}}: Concerned with measuring the effect of an intervention on a…
Published	05/16/2024	6848fa6808074f38a5401652c633551c-ao-1
Published	05/16/2024	Probability Sampling:• selecting participants (or any unit of interest) on a {{c1::statistically random}} basis • AKA {{c1::random sampling}} • select…
Published	05/16/2024	SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING • selecting participants in a {{c1::completely random}} fashion• can hide the impact of {{c1::large subgroups}} within the data…
Published	05/16/2024	If a population is relatively homogeneous, {{c1::cluster sampling}} will often be adequate. Conversely, if a population is quite heterogeneous (i.e., …
Published	05/16/2024	non-probability sampling has little value in epidemiology except as a {{c1::pilot investigation to get a feel of the situation}}
Published	05/16/2024	12002a56959a45f6bad49ff1cd14e21c-ao-1
Published	05/16/2024	Quota sampling • also known as {{c1::judgment, selective}} or {{c1::subjective}} sampling. • selecting participants using researcher's {{c1::own judge…
Published	05/16/2024	{{c1::Convenience sampling}}• participants selected based on {{c2::availability or accessibility}}•sample selected on {{c2::convenience}} of access • …
Published	05/16/2024	{{c1::Snowball Sampling}} • Relies on {{c2::referrals}} from initial participants to recruit additional participants. • used where it’s difficult to i…
Published	05/16/2024	A good sample - {{c1::well chosen}}, so as to be representative of the study population - {{c1::sufficiently large}} (sample size calculation) - {{c1:…
Published	05/16/2024	Terminology 1. {{c1::Target population}}: School age children 2. {{c2::Study population}}: Local students3. {{c1::Sampling unit}}: School child4.…
Published	05/16/2024	Types of errors 1. {{c1::Sampling errors}} - errors due to {{c2::incomplete sampling frames}}, inappropriate sampling {{c2::techniques}} etc. - can be…
Published	05/16/2024	- increase response rate by {{c1::multiple follow-up, give incentives (rewards)}} - substitution (replace a {{c2::non-response}} unit by another {{c2:…
Published	05/16/2024	WHO tooth status assessment - use {{c1::CPI probe}} (not sharp probe), no x-ray - a tooth is considered present when {{c1::any part of it is visible}}…
Published	05/16/2024	495e7ebcbe39446780cd83a814b4ba59-ao-1
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Published	05/16/2024	All of these also apply to permanent teeth.dt/ds: {{c1::Number of decayed primary teeth/tooth surfaces}} ft/fs: {{c1::Number of filled primary teeth/t…
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Published	05/16/2024	Indicators used in Community Periodontal Index (CPI)- {{c1::gingival bleeding}} - presence of {{c1::calculus}} - depth of {{c1::periodontal pockets}}u…
Published	05/16/2024	4ea6b4fff0b94e55b50cc932cc3710ac-ao-1
Published	05/16/2024	Oral pre-cancer ({{c1::Leukoplakia}})
Published	05/16/2024	09a9617461c146f5ab0df488f2d80b5d-ao-1
Published	05/16/2024	• The primary purpose of a {{c1::screening test}} is to {{c2::detect early disease or risk factors for disease}} in large numbers of apparently health…
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Published	05/16/2024	• {{c3::Screening}}: The presumptive identification of unrecognized disease by the application of a test or an examination, which can be applied rapid…
Published	05/16/2024	eec8a4237d0c40189da99e5c1fe52897-ao-1
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Published	05/16/2024	{{c1::Validity}}: The degree to which a study appropriately answers the question it is intended to answer {{c2::Reliability}}: Consistency of a set of…
Published	05/16/2024	• {{c1::Passive surveillance}}: Laboratories, physicians, or others regularly report cases of disease or death to the local or state health depar…
Published	05/16/2024	72a21c7087a741ebbaea908c0f2ac686-ao-1
Published	05/16/2024	226efc91634b47db8a1671487b2ad7a5-ao-1
Published	05/16/2024	Oral Health Planning, Surveillance and Monitoring systems – Private nationwide organizations • {{c1::PEW Center on the States}} – Scorecard on 8 key p…
Published	05/16/2024	Surveillance and why it is important? • – CDC: “an ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data is essential   &nbs…
Published	05/16/2024	Oregon Health Authority • The Oregon health authority (OHA) is a government established in 2009 • Split off from {{c1::Oregon Department Of Human Serv…
Published	05/16/2024	f2cbc82a9ce2404993ab01aecae01f2b-ao-1
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Published	05/16/2024	• There are people who make too much to qualify for Medicaid (above {{c1::138%}} FPL), AND do not make enough to afford insurance coverage. • Minimum …
Published	05/16/2024	CCOs are charged with integrating and coordinating care and meeting key quality metrics tied to financial incentives for achieving performance benchma…
Published	05/16/2024	•Nearly {{c1::half}} of Medicare beneficiaries do not have dental coverage. •Of those, {{c1::racial and socio-economically disadvantaged}} were more s…
Published	05/16/2024	{{c1::Rural}}: all geographic areas in Oregon 10 or more miles from the centroid of a population center of 40,000 people or more. {{c1::Frontier}}: si…
Published	05/16/2024	The primary factor used to determine a HPSA designation is the {{c1::number of health professionals relative to the population with consideration of h…
Published	05/16/2024	Percent of Need Met: number of dentists {{c1::available to serve the population of the area}}, divided by the {{c1::number of dentists that would be n…
Published	05/16/2024	007574f449964a70951c4f4626e812d2-ao-1
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Published	05/16/2024	• 3 Criteria to justify public health measure: 1. reduction of {{c1::ill health}} 2. reduction of {{c1::health disparities}} 3. concern for {{c1::chil…
Published	05/16/2024	Water Fluoridation: Fluoridation is the {{c1::adjustment, either upward or downward}} of the existing naturally occurring fluoride levels in drinking …
Published	05/16/2024	Fluoridation has been practiced in the U.S. for {{c1::76+ years.}}
Published	05/16/2024	18a73e80e1ae4d07b43389d91392f69d-ao-1
Published	05/16/2024	“It is important to understand that fluorosis is {{c1::not a disease}}, and that any child with these milder forms of fluorosis will also {{c1::benefi…
Published	05/16/2024	“We have come to recognize that the mouth is a mirror of the body, it is a sentinel of disease, and it is critical to overall health and well- being. …
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