Notes in 03_Prolapsed Intervertebral Disc

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Published	02/10/2024	IV discs are made up of two parts {{c1::Annulus fibrosis (tough outer layer)}} {{c1::Nucleus pulposus (gelatinous core)}}
Published	02/10/2024	Disc prolapses are usually {{c2::postero-lateral}} because the {{c1::posterior longitudinal}} ligament is the weakest ligament
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::ALL}} and {{c1::PLL}} (ligaments) connect discs with vertebral bodies
Published	02/10/2024	Pathological Effects on IV Discs {{c1::Tearing of annulus fibrosis and protrusion of the nucleus}} {{c1::Nerve root compression by osteophytes}} {{c1:…
Published	02/10/2024	Ligaments of the Vertebral Column {{c1::Anterior Longitudinal Ligament}} (ALL – along the front of the vertebral bodies – broad, strong) {{c1::Poste…
Published	02/10/2024	X-ray of the Vertebral Column{{c1::}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Radiculopathy}} is a spinal cord lesion caused by a slipped disc affecting a {{c2::particular nerve root}} (either compression or irritation) an…
Published	02/10/2024	Presentation of Radiculopathy{{c1::Unilateral, single myotome, single dermatome}} {{c1::LMN}} {{c1::Pain in single dermatome}} {{c1::Dermatomal sensor…
Published	02/10/2024	Presentation of {{c1::S1}} RadiculopathySensory loss: {{c2::little toe + sole of foot}}Motor weakness: {{c2::plantarflexion of foot}}Reflex change: {{…
Published	02/10/2024	Presentation of {{c1::L5}} RadiculopathySensory loss: {{c2::great toe & 1st dorsal web space of foot}}Motor weakness: {{c2::EHL & dorsiflexion…
Published	02/10/2024	Presentation of {{c1::L4}} RadiculopathySensory loss: {{c2::medial aspect of lower leg}}Motor weakness: {{c2::quads i.e. knee extension}}Reflex change…
Published	02/10/2024	Differential Diagnosis of Radiculopathy{{c1::Cauda Equina Syndrome}}Beware unilateral/bilateral leg pain with urinary retention/incontinence
Published	02/10/2024	Disc Problems{{c1::Bulge}} ‒ {{c1::Protrusion}} ‒ {{c1::Extrusion}} ‒ {{c1::Sequestration}}
Published	02/10/2024	Cervical Disc Prolapse occurs commonly at {{c1::C5}}-{{c1::C6}} vertebral level
Published	02/10/2024	Thoracic Disc Prolapse occurs commonly at {{c1::T11}}-{{c1::T12}} vertebral levelVery rare <1% of IV disc prolapses
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::L3/L4}} Lumbar Disc Prolapse (15%) affects the L4 root and presents with {{c2::L4 Radiculopathy/Femoral Neuralgia}} with sensory loss …
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::L4/L5}} Lumbar Disc Prolapse (40%) affects the L5 root and presents with {{c2::L5 Radiculopathy}} with sensory loss in the great toe a…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::L5/S1}} Lumbar Disc Prolapse (40%) affects the S1 root and presents with {{c2::S1 Radiculopathy}} with sensory loss in the little…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Spondylosis}} is {{c2::degenerative arthritis of the vertebrae associated with age where there is osteoarthritis of facet and disc joints in add…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Spondylolisthesis}} is when a {{c2::superiorly located vertebra is displaced anteriorly relative to the vertebra below.}}This may narrow the ver…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Spondylolysis}} is where there is a {{c2::defect in pars articularis, where the posterior elements of the vertebrae are separated from the anter…
Published	02/10/2024	Causes of Spondylosis {{c1::Osteoarthritis resulting in formation of osteophytes}} {{c1::Trauma}}
Published	02/10/2024	Complications of Spondylosis {{c1::Cervical spondylosis can cause myelopathy or radiculopathy UMN signs in limbs (increased tone, brisk reflexes)}} …
Published	02/10/2024	Spinal Claudication occurs due to narrowing around {{c1::nerve roots}} in the {{c1::cauda equina}} presenting with similar pain to limb claudication.
Published	02/10/2024	{{c2::Neurogenic/Spinal}} Claudication Symptoms: {{c1::Bilateral}} {{c1::Sensory numbness or tingling}} {{c1::Weakness (foot drop & tripping)…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c2::Vascular}} Claudication Symptoms: {{c1::Usually unilateral, can be bilateral.}} {{c1::Pain in legs}} {{c1::Pain goes almost immediately aft…
Published	02/10/2024	Diagnosis of Prolapsed Intervertebral Discs {{c1::Clinical Symptoms}} {{c1::MRI Scan}}
Published	02/10/2024	Management of {{c2::Radiculopathy (Nerve Root Pain)}} {{c1::Self-limiting within 3 months (90% of cases)}} {{c1::Physiotherapy}} {{c1::Strong Analgesi…
Published	02/10/2024	Radiculopathy should be referred to {{c2::MRI}} after {{c1::12 weeks::Duration}} of persisting pain
Published	02/10/2024	Management of Spondylolisthesis Treatment depends on symptoms {{c1::Conservative with lifestyle changes}} {{c1::Surgery for persistent pain +/- nerve…
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