Notes in Week 8

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	11/14/2023	Bosniak Category {{c1::1}} Cyst: {{c2::benign simple}} cysts
Published	11/14/2023	Bosniak Category {{c1::2}} Cyst: {{c2::benign simple}} cysts with {{c3::few thin}} walls, and septa with {{c4::fine}} calcifications
Published	11/14/2023	Bosniak Category {{c1::2F}} Cyst: {{c2::multiple thin}} walls, {{c3::thick}} and {{c3::nodular}} calcifications
Published	11/14/2023	Bosniak Category {{c1::3}} Cyst: {{c2::40-60}}% malignant, {{c3::multilocular}} lesions, {{c4::thickened}} walls, {{c5::irregular}} calcifications
Published	11/14/2023	Bosniak Category {{c1::4}} Cyst: {{c2::85-100}}% malignant, {{c3::large nodular}} lesions, {{c4::enhancing solid}} components
Published	11/14/2023	Early kidney cysts are dilatations in {{c1::intact tubules}} in contact with nephron
Published	11/14/2023	Enlarging kidney cysts have secretion of {{c1::fluid}} into cysts and {{c2::hyperplasia}} of cyst epithelium
Published	11/14/2023	In kidney cysts, function of primary {{c1::cilium}} is impaired
Published	11/14/2023	Increased levels of {{c1::cAMP}} can affect cell proliferation and therfore cyst formation
Published	11/14/2023	ADPKD main symptoms:{{c1::Flank}} pain{{c2::Hemat}}uria{{c3::Hyper}}tension{{c4::Hepatic}} cysts/{{c4::hepato}}megalyValve diseases: {{c5::mitral valv…
Published	11/14/2023	ADPKD is caused by mutations in the {{c1::PKD1}} or {{c1::PKD2}} gene, affecting the proteins {{c2::polycystin 1}} or {{c2::polycystin 2}}
Published	11/14/2023	{{c1::TKV}} classifications for ADPKD depend on {{c2::age}}
Published	11/14/2023	ADPKD treatments include:Low {{c1::sodium}} intakeIncreased {{c2::water}} intake{{c3::Protein}} restrictionBP control
Published	11/14/2023	{{c2::Tolvaptan}} is commonly prescribed with rapidly progressing ADPKD. It acts as a {{c1::vasopressin V2-receptor (V2R) antagonist::MOA}}
Published	11/14/2023	ARPKD:Commonly presents in {{c2::infants}}Cystic dilation of {{c3::collecting ducts}}{{c1::Potter}} syndrome
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Published	11/16/2023	108a344660354533ad3d296519f799bf-ao-1
Published	11/16/2023	108a344660354533ad3d296519f799bf-ao-2
Published	11/14/2023	Normal serum osmolality: {{c1::280}}-{{c1::295}} mosm/kg
Published	11/16/2023	f49d5518797444ce93d5db6615575ce2-ao-1
Published	11/14/2023	f49d5518797444ce93d5db6615575ce2-ao-2
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Published	11/14/2023	In the case of {{c1::hypo-}}osmolar {{c1::hypo}}natremia and {{c2::low}} urine osmolality, you should expect {{c3::polydipsia}}, {{c3::tea/toast diet}…
Published	11/14/2023	{{c1::Calcium}}, {{c1::phosphorus}}, and {{c1::magnesium}} are controlled by {{c2::parathyroid hormone}}, {{c2::vitamin D}}, and {{c2::phosphatonins}}…
Published	11/14/2023	{{c3::Parathyroid hormone::Hormone}} is stimulated by low ionized {{c1::calcium}}, low serum {{c1::magnesium}}, and increased serum {{c2::phosphate}}
Published	11/14/2023	Parathyroid hormone increases serum calcium by increasing {{c1::resorption}} in bone
Published	11/14/2023	In the kidney, hypercalcemia activates the {{c2::CaSR}}, which inhibits the apical {{c1::K+}} channel. This reduces calcium {{c3::reabsorption}} and t…
Published	11/16/2023	{{c2::Cinacalcet::Drug}} binds to CaSR and is used to treat {{c1::hyperparathyroidism}}
Published	11/16/2023	{{c3::1alphaHydroxylase}} creates {{c4::calcitriol}} and is stimulated by {{c1::parathyroid hormone}}, low {{c2::phosphorus}} and {{c2::calcium}}, and…
Published	11/14/2023	{{c1::Calcitonin::Hormone}} works to {{c2::lower}} serum calcium levels by inhibiting {{c3::bone resorption}} and increasing {{c4::renal excretion}} o…
Published	11/14/2023	Normal serum calcium is {{c1::9.0}}-{{c1::10.4}} mg/dL
Published	11/14/2023	Calcium reabsorption is hormone dependent in the {{c1::DCT}} of the kidney
Published	11/14/2023	Corrected calcium equation:Ca = Ca + ({{c1::4-albumin}}) * {{c1::0.8}}
Published	11/14/2023	{{c1::Phosphotonins}} (most well known is {{c2::FGF23}}) results in phosphorus {{c3::excretion}}Levels are high in {{c4::CKD}} due to phosphorus reten…
Published	11/14/2023	{{c1::Calcitriol}}, the active form of {{c2::vitamin D}}, works by increasing {{c3::Ca}}, {{c3::Mg}}, and {{c3::Phosphorus}} reabsorption in the {{c5:…
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Published	11/14/2023	Most common cause of non-PTH mediated hypercalcemia is {{c1::malignancy}}
Published	11/14/2023	Treatment of hypocalcemia is {{c1::calcium}} or {{c1::vitamin D}}
Published	11/14/2023	Hypercalcemia can affect the kidneys by causing {{c1::AKI}}, {{c2::nephrogenic diabetes insipidus}}, or {{c3::stones}}
Published	11/14/2023	Best treatment for hypercalcemia is {{c1::normal saline}}
Published	11/14/2023	Phosphorus is mainly located in {{c1::bone}}
Published	11/14/2023	Normal phosphorus levels are {{c1::3.5}}-{{c1::4.5}} mg/dL
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Published	11/14/2023	Main causes of hyperphosphatemia:{{c1::Tumor}} lysis{{c2::Rhabdomyo}}lysis{{c3::Kidney}} disease
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Published	11/14/2023	Normal magnesium level: {{c1::1.5}}-{{c1::1.9}} mg/dL
Published	11/14/2023	Role of magnesium:{{c1::DNA}} and {{c1::protein}} synthesisNeurological: {{c2::neuron}} activity, {{c2::cardiac}} excitability, {{c2::neuromuscular}} …
Published	11/14/2023	CKD leads to {{c1::hyperphosphat}}emia
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Published	11/14/2023	Hypokalemia can cause periodic {{c1::paralysis}}:Mainly triggered by large {{c2::carbohydrate}} meals
Published	11/14/2023	Normal potassium levels: {{c1::3.5}}-{{c1::5.2}} meq/L
Published	11/14/2023	{{c1::Amiloride}} is a medication that blocks the {{c2::ENaC channel}}
Published	11/14/2023	Hypokalemia is associated with {{c1::hypo}}magnesemia
Published	11/14/2023	EKG in hyperkalemia:Peaked {{c1::T}} wavesIncreased {{c2::PR}} and {{c2::QRS}}Flattening of {{c3::P}} wave{{c4::Sine-wave}}: severe
Published	11/14/2023	{{c1::Insulin}} and {{c1::dextrose}} can help shift potassium {{c2::into}} the cell (useful for {{c2::hyper}}kalemia)
Published	11/14/2023	Calcium can help with {{c1::hyper}}kalemia to stabilize the {{c2::cardiac membrane}}
Published	11/14/2023	Sodium bicarbonate and B2 adrenergic agonists can help treat {{c1::hyper}}kalemia
Published	11/16/2023	Cation exchange resin: Used to treat {{c7::hyper}}kalemia{{c4::Patiromer}}: K+ exchanged for {{c1::Ca2+}}{{c5::Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (SZC)}}:…
Published	11/14/2023	Parathyroid hormone is {{c1::inhibited}} by calcitriol
Published	11/16/2023	Parathyroid hormone on the kidney:PCT: inhibits {{c1::phosphate}} reabsorption and stimulates {{c2::calcitriol (vitamin D)}}DCT: increased reabsorptio…
Published	11/16/2023	{{c1::Hypo}}magnesemia is associated with {{c2::hypo}}calcemia because it {{c3::inhibits}} PTH secretion
Published	11/16/2023	Phosphorus absorption in the {{c1::intestines}} is enhanced by {{c2::calcitriol (vitamin D)}}
Published	11/16/2023	Phosphorus reabsorption is inhibited by {{c2::PTH}} and {{c2::FGF-23}} via reducing {{c1::NPT2A}} transporter expression
Published	11/16/2023	{{c2::Hyper}}phosphatemia can lead to secondary {{c1::hyper}}parathyroidism due to binding of calcium to phosphate
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Published	11/16/2023	Osmolality equation:({{c1::Na+}} * {{c1::2}}) + ({{c2::BUN}}/{{c2::2.8}}) + ({{c3::glucose}}/{{c3::18}})
Published	11/16/2023	a24712747db4432b8499e98b451a12cc-oa-1
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Published	11/16/2023	In {{c1::SIADH}}, there is a {{c2::low}} serum osmolarity, {{c3::high}} urine osmolarity, and {{c4::high}} urine sodium
Published	11/16/2023	6cfd0fef608f42e28f1aea42c9866b22-oa-1
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Published	11/16/2023	Rapid correction of chronic hyponatremia can lead to {{c1::osmotic demyelination syndrome (CPM)}}
Published	11/16/2023	Correcting rules for chronic hyponatremia:{{c1::6-8}} mEq/L in first 24 hours<{{c2::18}} mEq/L in 48 hours
Published	11/16/2023	Normal serum sodium levels:{{c1::135}}-{{c1::145}} mEq/L
Published	11/16/2023	{{c2::Central}} diabetes insipidus: {{c1::deficiency in ADH production::how does it affect ADH}}
Published	11/16/2023	{{c2::Nephrogenic}} diabetes insipidus: {{c1::defective kidney response to ADH::how does it affect ADH}}
Published	11/16/2023	{{c2::Gestational}} diabetes insipidus: {{c1::vasopressinase degrades ADH::how does it affect ADH}}
Published	11/16/2023	The way to test between central and nephrogenic DI is to do a {{c1::water deprivation}} test, which involves giving DDAVP (synthetic ADH) and seeing i…
Published	11/16/2023	1652b9ea89d547b982167c999cfebc5d-oa-1
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Published	11/16/2023	This is example of {{c1::Torsades de pointes}}
Published	11/16/2023	Treatment for Torsades de pointes involves pushing {{c1::magnesium}}
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Published	11/16/2023	This is an example of {{c1::monomorphic ventricular tachycardia}}
Published	11/16/2023	Treatment of monomorphic ventricular tachycardia:Unresponsive/pulseless: {{c2::defibrillation}}Unstable: {{c3::synchronized cardioversion}}Stable: {{c…
Published	11/16/2023	This is an example of {{c1::SVT with aberrancy}}
Published	11/16/2023	This is an example of {{c1::ventricular fibrilation}}
Published	11/16/2023	This is an example of {{c1::atrial tachycardia}}
Published	11/16/2023	Atrial tachycardia treatment: {{c1::rate control}} meds and {{c1::antiarrhythmics}} or {{c2::ablation}}
Published	11/16/2023	Answer: {{c1::atrial flutter}}
Published	11/16/2023	This is an example of {{c1::Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome}}
Published	11/16/2023	How to differentiate between AVRT and AVNRT on ECG?{{c1::You can't with ECG}}
Published	11/16/2023	AVNRT pathophys: {{c1::micro-reentrant}} circuit within AV nodeAVRT pathophys: {{c2::reentrant}} circuit involves {{c3::accessory}} pathway
Published	11/16/2023	For AVRT or AVNRT:Stable: {{c2::vagal}} maneuvers, {{c3::adenosine}}, {{c4::beta}} or {{c4::calcium channel}} blockersDefinitive treatment: {{c1::abla…
Published	11/16/2023	This is an example of {{c1::atrial fibrilation}}
Published	11/16/2023	Atrial fibrillation has an {{c1::irregularly irregular}} rhythm with {{c2::no discernible}} P waves
Published	11/16/2023	Afib nomenclature:{{c1::Paroxysmal}}: episodic, spontaneous conversion to NSR{{c2::Persistent}}: terminates with intervention (shock, meds){{c3::Perma…
Published	11/16/2023	If Afib>48 hours, need {{c1::transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)}} to evaluate for atrial {{c2::thrombus}}
Published	11/16/2023	This is an example of {{c1::multifocal atrial tachycardia}}
Published	11/16/2023	The underlying disease behind {{c1::multifocal atrial tachycardia::arrhythmia}} is usually {{c2::COPD}}
Published	11/16/2023	This is an example of {{c1::atrial flutter}}
Published	11/16/2023	Treatment for atrial flutter:Rate control by slowing AV conduction: {{c1::beta}} and {{c1::calcium}} blockers{{c2::Chemical}} or {{c2::electrical}} ca…
Published	11/16/2023	Answer: {{c1::diabetes}}
Published	11/16/2023	With normal GFR, you cannot have chronic kidney disease.{{c1::False::True/False}}
Published	11/16/2023	2735f9701f22444586a4b7a16558cc12-oa-1
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Published	11/16/2023	Is chronic kidney disease reversible?{{c1::NO}}
Published	11/16/2023	Chronic kidney disease is either:Anatomic {{c1::renal abnormality}}GFR {{c2::<60}} for {{c2::>3}} months
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Published	11/16/2023	Why is prevalence of CKD 4-5 lower than that of CKD 3?{{c1::More patients with CKD 3 die before reaching dialysis}}
Published	11/16/2023	Why is prevalence of CKD 3 higher than CKD 1-2?{{c1::It is easier to detect CKD at stage 3}}
Published	11/16/2023	2 most common causes of CKD?1: {{c1::diabetes}}2: {{c1::hypertension}}
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Published	11/16/2023	Final common pathway of CKD is {{c1::fibrosis}}
Published	11/16/2023	In CKD, the reduction of functioning nephrons leads to an increase in {{c1::single nephron GFR (SNGFR)}} and systemic {{c3::hypertension}}. This event…
Published	11/16/2023	This is an example of {{c1::chronic kidney disease}}
Published	11/16/2023	Ways to control glomerular pressure:Low {{c3::protein}} diet{{c2::BP}} controlMedications: {{c1::ACEI}}, {{c1::ARBs}}
Status	Last Update	Fields