Notes in PHYSIO BLOCK 1

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PHYSIO BLOCK 1 EXAM REVIEWER

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	08/24/2024	What is the primary cation found in intracellular fluid (ICF)?A) SodiumB) PotassiumC) CalciumD) Chloride
Published	08/24/2024	Which of the following is NOT a component of extracellular fluid (ECF)?A) PlasmaB) Interstitial fluidC) Intracellular fluidD) Sodium ions
Published	08/24/2024	Which feedback mechanism is responsible for amplifying the response to a stimulus?A) Negative FeedbackB) Positive FeedbackC) Feedforward ControlD) Non…
Published	08/24/2024	What percentage of the human body is made up of water?A) 30%B) 40%C) 50%D) 60%
Published	08/24/2024	Which of the following describes the concept of ‘Milieu Interieur’ as introduced by Claude Bernard?A) The internal environment that cells live in, now…
Published	08/24/2024	In which feedback mechanism does the body prepare for a potential disturbance before the stimulus occurs?A) Negative FeedbackB) Positive FeedbackC) Fe…
Published	08/24/2024	What role does the control center play in the feedback system?A) Detects changes and sends input to effectorsB) Receives input and generates output co…
Published	08/24/2024	What is the ultimate goal of all physiological processes in the human body?A) To maintain a constant external environmentB) To maintain equilibrium or…
Published	08/24/2024	Which component of the body is richer in proteins, such as albumin and clotting factors?A) Interstitial fluidB) Intracellular fluidC) PlasmaD) Cerebro…
Published	08/24/2024	Which organ system is responsible for transporting and mixing bodily fluids?A) Nervous SystemB) Cardiovascular SystemC) Endocrine SystemD) Respiratory…
Published	08/24/2024	What is the osmolarity of both the extracellular and intracellular fluids in the human body?A) 100 milliosmolesB) 200 milliosmolesC) 300 milliosmolesD…
Published	08/24/2024	Which of the following is an example of negative feedback in the human body?A) The release of oxytocin during childbirthB) The increase in heart rate …
Published	08/24/2024	What is the predominant cation in extracellular fluid (ECF)?A) PotassiumB) SodiumC) CalciumD) Magnesium
Published	08/24/2024	Which of the following best describes the role of receptors in the feedback system?A) They receive output commands and alter the controlled condition.…
Published	08/24/2024	The body’s regulatory mechanisms are primarily promoted by which two systems?A) Cardiovascular and Respiratory SystemsB) Nervous and Endocrine Systems…
Published	08/24/2024	Which of the following describes the composition of plasma compared to interstitial fluid?A) Plasma contains fewer proteins than interstitial fluid.B)…
Published	08/24/2024	What happens during feedforward control?A) The body waits for a stimulus before responding.B) The body prepares in advance for a potential disturbance…
Published	08/24/2024	In which of the following scenarios does positive feedback occur?A) Maintenance of blood glucose levelsB) Regulation of body temperatureC) Oxytocin re…
Published	08/24/2024	What is the role of effectors in the feedback system?A) To detect changes and send signals to the control centerB) To receive input and generate outpu…
Published	08/24/2024	Which of the following best describes the Fluid Mosaic Model of the cell membrane?A) A rigid structure composed of lipids and carbohydrates.B) A…
Published	08/24/2024	2. The lipid bilayer of the cell membrane is primarily responsible for which of the following?A) Transporting water molecules across the membrane.B) P…
Published	08/24/2024	Which substances are likely to pass through the cell membrane by simple diffusion?A) Sodium ions, glucose, amino acids.B) Oxygen, carbon dioxide…
Published	08/24/2024	In simple diffusion, the rate at which a substance diffuses across the membrane is affected by all of the following except:A) Thickness of the membran…
Published	08/24/2024	Which of the following is a characteristic of facilitated diffusion?A) It requires energy in the form of ATP.B) It involves the movement of substances…
Published	08/24/2024	The Sodium-Potassium ATPase pump is an example of:A) Primary active transport.B) Secondary active transport.C) Facilitated diffusion.D) Simple d…
Published	08/24/2024	During osmosis, water moves across a semipermeable membrane in which direction?A) From a region of high solute concentration to low solute concentrati…
Published	08/24/2024	What would be the effect of infusing a patient with a hypertonic sodium chloride solution?A) Water would move into the cells, causing them to burst.B)…
Published	08/24/2024	Which factor does NOT directly increase the rate of diffusion across a cell membrane?A) Increase in temperature.B) Increase in membrane thickness.C) I…
Published	08/24/2024	Which type of gating mechanism is involved when acetylcholine binds to its receptor on a muscle cell?A) Voltage gating.B) Chemical or ligand gating.C)…
Published	08/24/2024	What is the primary function of cholesterol in the cell membrane?A) To facilitate the transport of ions across the membrane.B) To maintain membrane fl…
Published	08/24/2024	Which type of membrane protein is involved in catalyzing chemical reactions at the cell membrane?A) Transport proteinsB) Enzymatic proteinsC) Receptor…
Published	08/24/2024	Which of the following is a characteristic of ion channels in the cell membrane?A) They always require ATP to function.B) They allow ions to mov…
Published	08/24/2024	14. The movement of glucose into a cell via the GLUT transporters is an example of:A) Primary active transportB) Secondary active transportC) Simple d…
Published	08/24/2024	15. Which of the following conditions is most likely to increase the activity of the Sodium-Potassium ATPase pump?A) Decreased intracellular sodium le…
Published	08/24/2024	.Aquaporins are specialized for the transport of which substance across the cell membrane?A) IonsB) GlucoseC) WaterD) Proteins
Published	08/24/2024	Which statement best describes secondary active transport?A) It uses ATP directly to transport molecules.B) It relies on the electrochemical gradient …
Published	08/24/2024	The term "hyperpolarization" refers to which of the following changes in membrane potential?A) The membrane potential becomes less negative.B) The mem…
Published	08/24/2024	Which of the following best describes the term "electrochemical gradient"?A) The difference in concentration of a substance across a membrane.B) The c…
Published	08/24/2024	Which of the following is NOT a function of membrane proteins?A) Acting as enzymesB) Serving as cell surface receptorsC) Providing energy for cell act…
Published	08/24/2024	Which process involves the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane to release contents outside the cell?A) EndocytosisB) ExocytosisC) PinocytosisD…
Published	08/24/2024	Which ion is primarily responsible for generating the resting membrane potential in neurons?A) Sodium (Na+)B) Potassium (K+)C) Calcium (Ca2+)D) Chlori…
Published	08/24/2024	Which of the following is true about the phospholipid bilayer?A) It is impermeable to all molecules.B) It allows all molecules to pass freely.C) It is…
Published	08/24/2024	The term "osmosis" specifically refers to the movement of:A) IonsB) GlucoseC) ProteinsD) Water
Published	08/24/2024	What effect does an increase in extracellular potassium concentration have on the membrane potential?A) It hyperpolarizes the membrane.B) It depolariz…
Published	08/24/2024	Which of the following is an example of a ligand-gated ion channel?A) Voltage-gated sodium channelB) Acetylcholine receptorC) Potassium leak channelD)…
Published	08/24/2024	Which factor increases the fluidity of the cell membrane?A) Increased cholesterol contentB) Longer fatty acid chains in phospholipidsC) Increased temp…
Published	08/24/2024	What is the primary role of glycolipids in the cell membrane?A) To maintain membrane fluidityB) To facilitate the transport of ionsC) To serve as mark…
Published	08/24/2024	In which process does a cell take in large particles or whole cells by engulfing them?A) PinocytosisB) PhagocytosisC) Receptor-mediated endocytosisD) …
Published	08/24/2024	Which of the following ions is most commonly associated with depolarization during an action potential?A) Sodium (Na+)B) Potassium (K+)C) Calcium (Ca2…
Published	08/24/2024	Which of the following best describes the Fluid Mosaic Model of the cell membrane?A) A rigid structure composed of lipids and carbohydrates.B) A dynam…
Published	08/24/2024	Which process involves the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane to release contents outside the cell?A) EndocytosisB) ExocytosisC) Pinocy…
Published	08/24/2024	Which of the following is a component of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?a) Cranial nervesb) Peripheral nervesc) Spinal cordd) Sympathetic nerves
Published	08/24/2024	What is the primary function of neurons?a) To provide structural support to other cellsb) To transmit information through action potentialsc) To produ…
Published	08/24/2024	What type of glial cell is responsible for forming myelin sheaths in the CNS?a) Microgliab) Astrocytesc) Oligodendrocytesd) Schwann cells
Published	08/24/2024	Which of the following describes the absolute refractory period?a) The period during which a neuron can fire repeatedlyb) The time during which no new…
Published	08/24/2024	Which of the following correctly describes the role of astrocytes in the CNS?a) Astrocytes form myelin sheaths in the CNSb) Astrocytes remove debris a…
Published	08/24/2024	What is the primary function of the myelin sheath?a) To produce neurotransmittersb) To increase the speed of nerve impulse conductionc) To initiate ac…
Published	08/24/2024	The "All or None Principle" refers to which of the following?a) The idea that all neurons in a circuit fire simultaneouslyb) The concept that a neuron…
Published	08/24/2024	Which cells are involved in the formation of myelin sheaths in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?a) Oligodendrocytesb) Astrocytesc) Schwann cellsd) …
Published	08/24/2024	What happens during the depolarization phase of an action potential?a) Potassium ions flow into the cellb) Sodium ions flow into the cellc) The membra…
Published	08/24/2024	Which ion is primarily responsible for the resting membrane potential?a) Sodium (Na+)b) Potassium (K+)c) Calcium (Ca2+)d) Chloride (Cl-)
Published	08/24/2024	What occurs during the repolarization phase of an action potential?a) Sodium channels openb) Potassium channels openc) Calcium ions enter the celld) C…
Published	08/24/2024	The synaptic cleft is:a) The gap between neurons at a synapseb) The membrane potential during an action potentialc) The region where myelination occur…
Published	08/24/2024	Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the neuromuscular junction?a) Dopamineb) Acetylcholinec) GABAd) Serotonin
Published	08/24/2024	Which process is crucial for the removal of neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft?a) Diffusionb) Enzymatic degradationc) Endocytosisd) Myelination
Published	08/24/2024	What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump in neurons?a) To generate action potentialsb) To restore the resting membrane potentialc) To release…
Published	08/24/2024	Which of the following is true about graded potentials?a) They always result in an action potentialb) They vary in magnitude depending on the strength…
Published	08/24/2024	The nodes of Ranvier are:a) Gaps in the myelin sheath where ion channels are concentratedb) The location of synaptic vesicle releasec) Sites of neurot…
Published	08/24/2024	Saltatory conduction refers to:a) The continuous conduction of an action potential along an unmyelinated axonb) The jumping of an action potential fro…
Published	08/24/2024	Which ion influx is necessary for the release of neurotransmitters at the synaptic terminal?a) Sodium (Na+)b) Potassium (K+)c) Calcium (Ca2+)d) Chlori…
Published	08/24/2024	What is the role of inhibitory neurotransmitters?a) To initiate an action potentialb) To hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membranec) To depolarize the p…
Published	08/24/2024	Which structure is primarily responsible for maintaining the resting membrane potential?a) Synaptic vesiclesb) Sodium-potassium pumpc) Myelin sheathd)…
Published	08/24/2024	The refractory period ensures that:a) Action potentials can be generated back-to-back without delayb) The action potential moves in one direction alon…
Published	08/24/2024	Which of the following best describes synaptic vesicles?a) They contain ion channels that generate action potentialsb) They store neurotransmitters th…
Published	08/24/2024	What is the function of myelination in neurons?a) To decrease the speed of nerve impulse conductionb) To increase the speed of nerve impulse conductio…
Published	08/24/2024	Which neurotransmitter is most commonly associated with the "fight or flight" response?a) Acetylcholineb) Serotoninc) Norepinephrined) Dopamine
Published	08/24/2024	Which process is responsible for returning the neuron to its resting state after an action potential?a) Sodium influxb) Potassium effluxc) Calcium inf…
Published	08/24/2024	In the context of synaptic transmission, what is meant by "exocytosis"?a) The release of neurotransmitters from the neuronb) The influx of calcium ion…
Published	08/24/2024	The primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS is:a) GABAb) Acetylcholinec) Glutamated) Dopamine
Published	08/24/2024	Which of the following ions are primarily involved in the generation of an action potential?a) Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+)b) Calcium (Ca2+) and Ch…
Published	08/24/2024	Which of the following structures is found at the presynaptic terminal?a) Dendritesb) Axon hillockc) Synaptic vesiclesd) Myelin sheath
Published	08/24/2024	Which type of neuron is responsible for processing information within the CNS?a) Afferent neuronsb) Efferent neuronsc) Interneuronsd) Sensory neurons
Published	08/24/2024	Which glial cell type is involved in maintaining the blood-brain barrier?a) Microgliab) Oligodendrocytesc) Schwann cellsd) Astrocytes
Published	08/24/2024	The resting membrane potential of a neuron is typically around:a) +30 mVb) -70 mVc) 0 mVd) -90 mV
Published	08/24/2024	The influx of which ion is primarily responsible for depolarization during an action potential?a) Potassium (K+)b) Sodium (Na+)c) Calcium (Ca2+)d) Chl…
Published	08/24/2024	Which of the following is true about action potentials?a) They can vary in size depending on the stimulusb) They do not diminish in strength as they t…
Published	08/24/2024	Which of the following best describes the function of the dendrites?a) To transmit action potentials away from the cell bodyb) To receive signals from…
Published	08/24/2024	What is the primary role of microglia in the CNS?a) To provide insulation for neuronsb) To remove waste and debris through phagocytosisc) To form the …
Published	08/24/2024	The term "hyperpolarization" refers to:a) The inside of the cell becoming more positive than the outsideb) The membrane potential becoming more negati…
Published	08/24/2024	Which of the following is a characteristic of graded potentials?a) They always result in an action potentialb) They decay over distancec) They o…
Published	08/24/2024	What is the primary function of a synapse?a) To initiate action potentialsb) To transmit information between cellsc) To store neurotransmittersd) To g…
Published	08/24/2024	Which type of synapse has a larger distance between membranes?a) Electrical synapseb) Chemical synapsec) Both have the same distanced) Neither involve…
Published	08/24/2024	Which of the following is characteristic of electrical synapses?a) Unidirectional transmissionb) Presence of synaptic vesiclesc) Bidirectional transmi…
Published	08/24/2024	Which protein is essential for forming gap junctions?a) Actinb) Tubulinc) Connexind) Myosin
Published	08/24/2024	In chemical synapses, what mediates the transmission of signals?a) Ion currentsb) Chemical messengersc) Electrical impulsesd) None of the above
Published	08/24/2024	What is the delay typically observed in chemical synapses?a) Near absentb) 1-5 msc) 10-20 msd) 50 ms
Published	08/24/2024	Which synapse type is primarily responsible for reflexes?a) Electrical synapseb) Chemical synapsec) Both typesd) Neither type
Published	08/24/2024	The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) is primarily stored in:a) Synaptic cleftb) Synaptic vesiclesc) Golgi apparatusd) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum …
Published	08/24/2024	Which disease is associated with demyelination of nerve axons?a) Myasthenia Gravisb) Charcot-Marie-Tooth Diseasec) Parkinson's Diseased) Alzheimer's D…
Published	08/24/2024	In the CNS, which membrane differentiations are associated with excitatory synapses?a) Symmetrical membrane differentiationsb) Asymmetrical membrane d…
Published	08/24/2024	Which type of neurotransmitter is synthesized and stored in the presynaptic terminal?a) Small molecule neurotransmittersb) Large protein neurotransmit…
Published	08/24/2024	What is the primary role of vesicle ATPase in neurotransmitter storage?a) Break down neurotransmittersb) Facilitate neurotransmitter synthesisc) Provi…
Published	08/24/2024	Which type of synapse involves a synaptic delay of at least 0.3 ms?a) Electrical synapseb) Chemical synapsec) Both typesd) Neither type
Published	08/24/2024	Which neurotransmitter is not classified as a small molecule, rapidly acting transmitter?a) Acetylcholineb) Dopaminec) Glutamated) Insulin
Published	08/24/2024	What is the main characteristic of the postsynaptic density (PSD)?a) It contains neurotransmitters.b) It is the area where neurotransmitters are relea…
Published	08/24/2024	Which of the following is a common site of synapse in the CNS?a) Axosomatic Synapseb) Neurojunction Synapsec) Dendroaxonic Synapsed) Axosomatic Juncti…
Published	08/24/2024	Which of the following neurotransmitters requires energy to enter the vesicle during storage?a) GABAb) Glutamatec) Dopamined) All of the above
Published	08/24/2024	Which clinical condition is characterized by twitching on one side of the face?a) Bell's Palsyb) Hemifacial Spasmsc) Charcot-Marie-Tooth Diseased) Mya…
Published	08/24/2024	During neurotransmitter release, what triggers the opening of voltage-gated ion channels?a) Arrival of neurotransmittersb) Action potentialc) ATPase a…
Published	08/24/2024	What is the function of adhesion proteins in the synaptic cleft?a) To release neurotransmittersb) To bind neurotransmittersc) To maintain the structur…
Published	08/24/2024	Which neurotransmitter is involved in excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs)?a) GABAb) Glycinec) Glutamated) Serotonin
Published	08/24/2024	Which component is absent in electrical synapses but present in chemical synapses?a) Gap junctionsb) Synaptic vesiclesc) Ion channelsd) Connexins
Published	08/24/2024	In chemical synapses, what role do second messengers play?a) Trigger neurotransmitter releaseb) Modulate postsynaptic responsesc) Inhibit synaptic tra…
Published	08/24/2024	What is the typical size of a synaptic vesicle?a) 10 nmb) 20-30 nmc) 50 nmd) 100 nm
Published	08/24/2024	Which protein is involved in the vesicular transport of neurotransmitters?a) ATPaseb) Connexinc) Dopamine Transporterd) Calcium Channel
Published	08/24/2024	Which clinical condition is linked to the mutation in connexin32?a) Myasthenia Gravisb) Charcot-Marie-Tooth Diseasec) Parkinson's Diseased) Alzheimer'…
Published	08/24/2024	What does synaptic summation refer to?a) The synthesis of neurotransmittersb) The accumulation of excitatory and inhibitory signalsc) The degradation …
Published	08/24/2024	Where is the synaptic vesicle located before neurotransmitter release?a) In the postsynaptic membraneb) In the synaptic cleftc) Near the presynaptic m…
Published	08/24/2024	Which component does not belong to the synaptic cleft?a) Fibrous extracellular proteinb) Adhesion proteinsc) Synaptic vesiclesd) Neurotransmitters
Published	08/24/2024	What is the role of secretory granules in neurotransmission?a) To synthesize neurotransmittersb) To store neurotransmitters away from the release zone…
Published	08/24/2024	Which process is responsible for neurotransmitter release in chemical synapses?a) Simple diffusionb) Exocytosisc) Endocytosisd) Active transport
Published	08/24/2024	What is a major function of the synaptic vesicles?a) To store synaptic delay proteinsb) To regulate the gap junctionsc) To contain and release neurotr…
Published	08/24/2024	Which enzyme is inhibited in the treatment of myasthenia gravis to increase neuromuscular transmission?a) Acetylcholinesteraseb) Monoamine oxidasec) D…
Published	08/24/2024	What determines the direction of transmission in chemical synapses?a) Synaptic cleft widthb) Ion concentrationc) Unidirectional flow of neurotransmitt…
Published	08/24/2024	In which part of the neuron does synaptic integration occur?a) Dendritesb) Somac) Axond) Synaptic cleft
Published	08/24/2024	What happens during synaptic delay?a) Ions are exchanged through gap junctionsb) Neurotransmitters bind to receptorsc) Action potentials are generated…
Published	08/24/2024	Synaptic vesicles in chemical synapses primarily contain:a) Enzymes for neurotransmitter synthesis.b) Synaptic delay proteins.c) Neurotransmitters.d) …
Published	08/24/2024	The specificity of nerve fibers for transmitting only one modality of sensation is known as:a) Differential Sensitivityb) Modality of Sensationc) Labe…
Published	08/24/2024	Which type of receptor is responsible for detecting mechanical compression or stretching?a) Chemoreceptorsb) Thermoreceptorsc) Mechanoreceptorsd) Noci…
Published	08/24/2024	What is the primary function of nociceptors?a) Detecting changes in temperatureb) Detecting light on the retinac) Detecting physical or chemical damag…
Published	08/24/2024	Which of the following receptors detect changes in temperature?a) Mechanoreceptorsb) Thermoreceptorsc) Electromagnetic receptorsd) Chemoreceptors
Published	08/24/2024	The maximum receptor potential amplitude occurs at:a) 10 mVb) 50 mVc) 100 mVd) 150 mV
Published	08/24/2024	Which receptor adapts the most rapidly?a) Joint capsule receptorsb) Hair receptorsc) Pacinian corpusclesd) Muscle spindle receptors
Published	08/24/2024	What is the role of the Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)?a) Detecting muscle stretchb) Detecting muscle tensionc) Detecting temperature changesd) Detecting li…
Published	08/24/2024	Which type of neuron pool involves the transmission of a signal in two directions?a) Convergence from a single sourceb) Divergence in the same tractc)…
Published	08/24/2024	Which fiber is classified as unmyelinated?a) Type Aαb) Type Aβc) Type Aδd) Type C
Published	08/24/2024	Which of the following is NOT a sensory function of myelinated nerve fibers?a) High discrimination touchb) Muscle spindle functionc) Aching paind) Dee…
Published	08/24/2024	In the context of sensory receptors, what does "differential sensitivity" refer to?a) The capacity of a receptor to respond to multiple stimulib) The …
Published	08/24/2024	Which of the following best describes the adaptation of tonic receptors?a) They adapt rapidly and cease transmitting impulses quickly.b) They adapt sl…
Published	08/24/2024	When is the primary sensory nerve ending most active?a) During dynamic responsesb) During static responsesc) During nuclear bag fiber stimulation only…
Published	08/24/2024	What is the typical velocity of a myelinated nerve fiber?a) Slowb) Moderatec) Fastd) Extremely slow
Published	08/24/2024	Which structure is associated with detecting the rate of change in muscle length?a) Golgi Tendon Organb) Nuclear bag fibersc) Pacinian Corpuscled) Joi…
Published	08/24/2024	What phenomenon occurs when multiple input terminals from different sources converge on a single neuron?a) Divergence in the same tractb) Convergence …
Published	08/24/2024	The primary discharge zone of a neuronal pool is where:a) The neurons are most likely to fire.b) The neurons are least likely to fire.c) No neurons fi…
Published	08/24/2024	In a reverberating circuit, what happens if the circuit becomes excessively fatigued?a) It continues to fire indefinitely.b) The signal strength incre…
Published	08/24/2024	Which muscle fiber is responsible for the contraction of muscle spindles?a) Alpha motor fibersb) Gamma motor fibersc) Type C fibersd) Type Ia fibers
Published	08/24/2024	During a dynamic response, which sensory nerve ending is predominantly activated?a) Secondary sensory nerve endingb) Primary sensory nerve endingc) Ga…
Published	08/24/2024	Which pathway characteristic is associated with the corticospinal tract?a) Convergence from a single sourceb) Divergence into multiple tractsc) Amplif…
Published	08/24/2024	Which type of nerve fiber primarily transmits slow, chronic pain?a) Type Aα fibersb) Type Aδ fibersc) Type C fibersd) Type B fibers
Published	08/24/2024	What is the mechanism behind synaptic afterdischarge?a) Short-term continuation of a signal after the stimulus stopsb) Inhibition of the neuronal pool…
Published	08/24/2024	Which of the following best describes "temporal summation"?a) The increase in signal strength through more fibersb) The increase in signal strength th…
Published	08/24/2024	Which neurons are facilitated but not excited in a neuronal pool?a) Central recipient neuronsb) Primary discharge neuronsc) Facilitated zone neuronsd)…
Published	08/24/2024	The labeled line principle is fundamental to:a) Pain perceptionb) The modality of sensationc) Temperature regulationd) Muscle contraction
Published	08/24/2024	Which receptor type is least likely to adapt to constant stimuli?a) Pacinian corpusclesb) Hair receptorsc) Joint capsule receptorsd) Muscle spindles
Published	08/24/2024	What does the Gamma motor neuron innervate?a) Extrafusal muscle fibersb) Intrafusal muscle fibersc) Golgi Tendon Organd) Pacinian Corpuscles
Published	08/24/2024	Which of the following receptors would detect light touch on the skin?a) Thermoreceptorsb) Mechanoreceptorsc) Nociceptorsd) Chemoreceptors
Published	08/24/2024	Which part of the nerve is responsible for rapid signal transmission?a) Myelin sheathb) Somac) Axon terminald) Dendrite
Published	08/24/2024	Which of the following is most associated with the control of skeletal muscle?a) Type C fibersb) Type Aα fibersc) Type B fibersd) Type D fibers
Published	08/24/2024	In spatial summation, the strength of the signal is increased by:a) Increasing the number of active neuronsb) Increasing the frequency of neuron firin…
Published	08/24/2024	Which of the following nerve fibers is unmyelinated and conducts impulses slowly?a) Type Aαb) Type Aβc) Type Aδd) Type C
Published	08/24/2024	What type of receptor is responsible for detecting pain?a) Mechanoreceptorsb) Nociceptorsc) Chemoreceptorsd) Electromagnetic receptors
Published	08/24/2024	Which sensory receptor is responsible for detecting light in the retina?a) Mechanoreceptorsb) Chemoreceptorsc) Electromagnetic receptorsd) Thermorecep…
Published	08/24/2024	Which type of sensory nerve fiber has the fastest transmission speed?a) Type Aαb) Type Aδc) Type Cd) Type B
Published	08/24/2024	The Golgi Tendon Organ's dynamic response is triggered by:a) Gradual tension increaseb) Rapid tension increasec) Temperature changesd) Slow tension de…
Published	08/24/2024	The central portion of the intrafusal fibers in a muscle spindle:a) Contributes to muscle contractionb) Functions primarily as a sensory receptorc) Is…
Published	08/24/2024	Which of the following is true about joint capsule receptors?a) They adapt quicklyb) They are responsible for detecting painc) They adapt very slowly,…
Published	08/24/2024	The rate of impulse transmission in muscle spindle discharge increases with:a) Muscle relaxationb) Muscle contractionc) Muscle shorteningd) Muscle str…
Published	08/24/2024	What is the primary ion responsible for initiating muscle contraction?a) Sodiumb) Potassiumc) Calciumd) Chloride
Published	08/24/2024	The sarcomere extends from:a) One Z disk to the next Z diskb) One A band to the next A bandc) One I band to the next I bandd) One M line to the next M…
Published	08/24/2024	Which protein binds to calcium during muscle contraction?a) Tropomyosinb) Myosinc) Troponin Cd) Actin
Published	08/24/2024	The T-tubules are primarily responsible for:a) Storing calciumb) Transmitting action potentials to the sarcoplasmic reticulumc) Connecting muscle fibe…
Published	08/24/2024	Which structure in the muscle cell stores and releases calcium?a) Sarcomereb) Mitochondriac) Sarcoplasmic reticulumd) Golgi apparatus
Published	08/24/2024	Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of smooth muscle?a) Striated appearanceb) Involuntary controlc) Slow contractiond) Found in blood vesse…
Published	08/24/2024	The smallest functional unit of a skeletal muscle is the:a) Myofibrilb) Muscle fiberc) Sarcomered) Sarcolemma
Published	08/24/2024	During muscle contraction, the energy for the sliding filament mechanism is primarily derived from:a) Glycolysisb) Phosphocreatinec) ATPd) Oxidative p…
Published	08/24/2024	In skeletal muscle, what is the role of acetylcholine?a) It breaks down ATPb) It binds to receptors on the muscle membrane to initiate contractionc) I…
Published	08/24/2024	Which muscle type is primarily responsible for pumping blood through the body?a) Skeletal muscleb) Smooth musclec) Cardiac muscled) Visceral muscle
Published	08/24/2024	Which muscle fiber type is associated with endurance activities?a) Type I (slow-twitch)b) Type IIa (fast oxidative)c) Type IIb (fast glycolytic)d) Typ…
Published	08/24/2024	The myosin head binds to which site during muscle contraction?a) Actinb) Troponinc) Tropomyosind) Titin
Published	08/24/2024	What is the function of the Z disk in the sarcomere?a) It binds calcium ions during contraction.b) It anchors the actin filaments.c) It initiates the …
Published	08/24/2024	Which muscle type has the longest contraction duration?a) Skeletal muscleb) Cardiac musclec) Smooth muscled) Fast-twitch muscle
Published	08/24/2024	Which ion is essential for the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction?a) Sodiumb) Potassiumc) Calciumd) Magnesium
Published	08/24/2024	What is the role of the sarcolemma in muscle fibers?a) Store calcium ionsb) Propagate action potentialsc) Break down ATPd) Generate myosin filaments
Published	08/24/2024	Which muscle contraction type involves shortening of the muscle?a) Isometricb) Isotonicc) Eccentricd) Concentric
Published	08/24/2024	During which phase of cardiac muscle action potential does calcium influx occur?a) Phase 0 (Depolarization)b) Phase 1 (Initial Repolarization)c) Phase…
Published	08/24/2024	What protein is absent in smooth muscle that is present in skeletal muscle?a) Actinb) Myosinc) Troponind) Tropomyosin
Published	08/24/2024	Which mechanism is responsible for prolonged contraction in smooth muscle?a) Phosphorylation of myosin light chainsb) Rapid cycling of cross-bridgesc)…
Published	08/24/2024	The process of repolarization in muscle cells primarily involves the movement of:a) Calcium into the cellb) Sodium out of the cellc) Potassium out of …
Published	08/24/2024	Which neurotransmitter is most commonly associated with the neuromuscular junction?a) Dopamineb) Acetylcholinec) Serotonind) Norepinephrine
Published	08/24/2024	Which type of muscle fiber has a high capacity for oxidative metabolism?a) Type I (slow-twitch)b) Type IIa (fast oxidative)c) Type IIb (fast glycolyti…
Published	08/24/2024	What is the role of acetylcholinesterase in muscle physiology?a) It stimulates muscle contraction.b) It degrades acetylcholine to stop muscle contract…
Published	08/24/2024	Which muscle fiber type is most likely to fatigue quickly?a) Type I (slow-twitch)b) Type IIa (fast oxidative)c) Type IIb (fast glycolytic)d) Type III …
Published	08/24/2024	What type of muscle contraction occurs when the muscle lengthens while under tension?a) Isometricb) Isotonicc) Concentricd) Eccentric
Published	08/24/2024	Which muscle is primarily responsible for voluntary movements?a) Skeletal muscleb) Cardiac musclec) Smooth muscled) Visceral muscle
Published	08/24/2024	What structure connects muscle to bone?a) Ligamentb) Tendonc) Cartilaged) Fascia
Published	08/24/2024	Which phase of the cardiac muscle action potential is responsible for the plateau?a) Phase 0b) Phase 1c) Phase 2d) Phase 3
Published	08/24/2024	Which muscle type has the highest myoglobin content?a) Type I fibersb) Type IIa fibersc) Type IIb fibersd) Type III fibers
Published	08/24/2024	Which structure is known as the "functional unit" of the muscle?a) Sarcomereb) Sarcolemmac) Myofibrild) Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Published	08/24/2024	In smooth muscle contraction, what molecule does calcium bind to initiate contraction?a) Troponinb) Calmodulinc) Myosind) Tropomyosin
Published	08/24/2024	Which enzyme breaks down acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft?a) Cholinesteraseb) Acetylcholinesterasec) Creatine kinased) ATPase
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