Notes in Haematology

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Published	08/23/2023	Primary iron overload is caused by {{c1::Hereditary haemochromatosis}}
Published	08/23/2023	Patients with a {{c1::C282Y::gene?}} mutation are predisposed to haemochromatosis
Published	08/23/2023	CML is characterized by t({{c1::9}};{{c1::22}})
Published	08/23/2023	The translocation occuring in CML leads to fusion oncogene {{c1::BCR–ABL1}}
Published	08/23/2023	Most common clinical presentions of CML:{{c1::Unintentional weight loss}} {{c1::Night sweats}} {{c1::Fatigue}} {{c1::Splenomegaly}}
Published	08/23/2023	CML treatment involves {{c1::tyrosine kinase inhibitors::drug class?}}
Published	08/23/2023	There is a {{c1::JAK2 V617F}} mutation in 95% of Polycythaemia vera patients
Published	08/23/2023	{{c1::Polycythemia vera}} is a chronic myeloproliferative disorder that often presents as intense itching after a hot shower.
Published	08/23/2023	{{c1::Erythromelalgia}} is a rare but classic symptom of {{c2::Polycythemia Vera}} that occurs due to episodic blood clots in the …
Published	08/23/2023	In polycythemia vera, {{c1::aspirin::drug}} is used for prophylaxis against thrombotic events.
Published	08/23/2023	In polycythemia vera, {{c1::hydroxyurea}} is the preferred cytoreductive agent used in high-risk patients.
Published	08/23/2023	Decreasing the hematocrit concentration in Polycythemia Vera is usually achieved through {{c1::venesection}}
Published	08/23/2023	{{c1::Platelets::Blood component?}} are overproduced in essential thrombocytosis.
Published	08/23/2023	± 50% of Essential Thrombocythaemia cases have {{c1::JAK2 V617F}} mutation
Published	08/23/2023	± 5% of Essential Thrombocythaemia cases have {{c1::Thrombopoietin receptor (MPL)}} mutation
Published	08/23/2023	± 30% of Essential Thrombocythaemia cases have {{c1::Calreticulin (CALR)}} mutation
Published	08/23/2023	In essential thrombocytosis, patients with low risk of thrombosis are treated with {{c1::low dose aspirin::drug?}}
Published	08/23/2023	Essential thrombocytosis may cause manifestations associated with either {{c2::bleeding}}, {{c1::thrombosis}}, or both
Published	08/23/2023	Name six symptoms of iron deficiency anaemia
Published	08/23/2023	Name six clinical features of Fanconi Anaemia
Published	08/23/2023	In sickle cell anaemia, there is a substitution of glutamic acid with {{c2::valine}} on chromosome position {{c1::6}}
Published	08/23/2023	The HbS formed due to the mutation in sickle cells anaemia can form {{c1::crystals}} at low oxygen tension Oxygen dissociation curve shifted to the {{…
Published	08/23/2023	Aplastic crisis is a possible complication of sickle-cell disease that can be triggered by {{c2::parvovirus B19}} or {{c1::folate defic…
Published	08/23/2023	{{c1::Dactilytis}} is a painful vaso-occlusive crisis seen in sickle-cell disease that involves painful swelling of the hands
Published	08/23/2023	{{c1::Autosplenectomy}} is a complication of sickle-cell disease that leads to an increased risk of infection with {{c3::encapsulated o…
Published	08/23/2023	{{c1::Priapism}} is a possible complication of sickle-cell anemia that presents as a severely painful penile erection that does no…
Published	08/23/2023	Diagnosis of α-thalassemia outsode of a blood sample results involves {{c1::Hb electrophresis}} and {{c1::genetic studies}}
Published	08/23/2023	The blood sample findings of α-thalassemia involves:{{c1::Low MCV}}{{c1::Low MCH }}{{c1::High RBC count}}
Published	08/23/2023	While mild forms of α-thalassemia may not require treatment, some patients may require {{c1::transfusion}}
Published	08/23/2023	The onset of symptoms of β-thalassemia major is at {{c1::6}} to {{c1::9}} months
Published	08/23/2023	The onset of symptoms of β-thalassemia intermedia is at {{c1::1}} to {{c1::2}} years
Published	08/23/2023	The onset of symptoms of β-thalassemia minor is usually a(n) {{c1::incidental finding}}
Published	08/23/2023	The deficiency of β-chains in Hb causes an excess of α-chains which causes ineffective erythropoiesis furthermore causing {{c1::bone marrow expansion}…
Published	08/23/2023	The deficiency of β-chains in Hb causes an excess of α-chains which causes haemolysis furthermore causing {{c1::splenomegaly}}
Published	08/23/2023	β-thalassemia on skull X-ray may have a "{{c1::hair-on-end}}" appearence
Published	08/23/2023	β-thalassemia on peripheral blood smear shows:{{c1::Target cells}} {{c1::Microcytes}} {{c1::Basophilic stippling}}
Published	08/23/2023	β-thalassemia may have a {{c1::high::high/low}} reticulocyte count
Published	08/23/2023	The diagnosis of β-thalassemia is confirmed with {{c1::Hb electrophoresis}}
Published	08/23/2023	The Hb electrophoresis of β-thalassemia shows {{c1::low amount of HbA}}
Published	08/23/2023	The treatment of β-thalasemia involves:{{c1::Blood transfusion}} {{c1::Iron chelation}} {{c1::Genetic counselling}}
Published	08/23/2023	{{c1::Hereditary spherocytosis}} is an extravascular hemolytic anemia due to an inherited defect in the erythrocyte cytoskeleton-membrane tetheri…
Published	08/23/2023	The clinical features of hereditary spherocytosis includes:{{c1::Fluctuating jaundice}}{{c1::Splenomegaly}}{{c1::Pigment gallstones}}{{c1::Aplastic cr…
Published	08/23/2023	{{c2::Microspherocytes}} is present on peripheral smear of someone who has {{c1::hereditary spherocytosis}}
Published	08/23/2023	{{c1::Hereditary spherocytosis}} is a type of anemia that is diagnosed by a positive {{c2::osmotic fragility}} test of erythrocytes in&…
Published	08/23/2023	The symptomatic management of hereditary spherocytosis involves {{c1::blood transfusions}}
Published	08/23/2023	Hereditary spherocytosis typically follows a(n) {{c1::autosomal dominant}} genetic inheritance pattern
Published	08/23/2023	A {{c1::splenectomy::operation?}} can be done on someone with hereditary spherocytosis
Published	08/23/2023	Drugs that may cause haemolytic anaemia in G6PD deficiency {{c1::Antimalarial (e.g primaquine, chloroquine etc)}}{{c1::Sulphonamides/sulphones (e…
Published	08/23/2023	Food that may cause haemolytic anaemia in G6PD deficiency {{c1::Fava beans}}
Published	08/23/2023	{{c1::Heinz bodies}} can be seen on peripheral smears in G6PD deficiency
Published	08/23/2023	The clinical manifestation that occurs in response to oxidative stress in G6PD deficiency is {{c1::acute haemolytic anaemia}}
Published	08/23/2023	Carriers of {{c2::G6PD deficiency}} have resistance to {{c1::Falciparum malaria}}
Published	08/23/2023	The congenital form of aplastic anaemia is known as {{c1::Fanconi anaemia}}
Published	08/23/2023	{{c1::Lymphadenopathy}} and {{c1::hepatosplenomegaly}} is NOT a feature of aplastic anaemia
Published	08/23/2023	{{c1::Normocytic::Microcytic/Normocytic/Macrocytic}} anaemia is seen in aplastic anemia
Published	08/23/2023	Direct damage to the bone marrow in secondary aplastic anaemia could be due to {{c2::radiation}} or {{c1::cytotoxic therapy}}
Published	08/23/2023	Fanconi cells show high frequency of {{c1::chromosomal breakage}}
Published	08/23/2023	Name the most important aspect in the management of a patient with iron deficiency anaemia?
Published	08/23/2023	List the cause(s) of pancytopenia
Published	08/23/2023	Name the neurological manifestations of megaloblastic anaemia
Published	08/23/2023	{{c2::Megaloblastic anemia}} is a type of macrocytic anemia that arises due to {{c1::decreased ::increased/decreased}} DNA synthesis
Published	08/23/2023	{{c1::Folate}} and {{c2::vitamin B12}} deficiency are the two most common causes of megaloblastic anemia
Published	08/23/2023	5 Factors for Vit B12 absorption{{c1::Diet intake }}{{c1::Acid-pepsin in stomach }}{{c1::Pancreatic proteases}} {{c1::Secretion of IF}}…
Published	08/23/2023	Within the portal circulation, Vit B12 is bound to {{c1::trancobolamin}}
Published	08/23/2023	Folate when absorbed into circulation is bound to {{c1::albumin}}
Published	08/23/2023	Labratory findings of Vit B12 deficiency shows:{{c1::↑ Serum homocysteine}}{{c1::↑ Serum & Urinary methylmalonic acid (MMA)}}
Published	08/23/2023	Labratory findings of Folate deficiency shows:{{c1::↑ Serum homocysteine}}{{c1::Normal serum & urinary methylmalonic acid (MMA)}}
Published	08/23/2023	A common cause of {{c2::Vit B12}} deficiency is {{c1::pernicious anaemia}}
Published	08/23/2023	Pernicious anaemia is more common in {{c1::females::males/females}}
Published	08/23/2023	Pernicious anaemia usually peaks at age {{c1::60}}
Published	08/23/2023	Pernicious anaemia is more common in blood group {{c1::A}}
Published	08/23/2023	Pernicious anaemia is more common in individuals with {{c1::blue}} colour eyes
Published	08/23/2023	Pernicious anaemia presents with {{c1::early greying of hair}}
Published	08/23/2023	A diagnostic test that can be done to confirm pernicious anaemia is the {{c1::Schillings test}}
Published	08/23/2023	Folate supplementation is given prophylatically in:{{c1::Pregnancy }}{{c1::Severe haemolysis}} {{c1::Dialysis }}{{c1::Prematurity}}&nbs…
Published	08/23/2023	Vit B12 supplementation is given prophylatically in:{{c1::Total gastrectomy }}{{c1::Ileal resection}}
Published	08/23/2023	{{c1::Vitamin B12 deficiency}} should be excluded before treatment with folate is commenced to prevent aggravation of neurological symptoms
Published	08/23/2023	Clinical manifestations of haemochromatosis:{{c1::Tired }}{{c1::Liver cirrhosis}}{{c1::DM}}{{c1::heart failure}}{{c1::Slate-grey pigmentation of …
Published	08/23/2023	Hepcidin levels increase in response to inflammation and infection, which is driven mostly by {{c1::IL-6::interleukin?}}
Published	08/23/2023	In ALL, infiltration can occur as:{{c1::Lymphadenopathy}} {{c1::Hepatosplenomegaly}} {{c1::CNS (leukaemic meningitis, cranial nerve palsies)}}
Published	08/23/2023	In AML, infiltration can occur as:{{c1::Skin}} {{c1::Gum hypertrophy}} {{c1::Myeloid sarcomas}}
Published	08/23/2023	{{c1::Immunophenotyping}} can be done to classify the type of leukemia
Published	08/23/2023	{{c2::Chronic lymphocytic}} leukemia is a type of leukemia associated with "{{c1::smudge cells}}" on peripheral blood smear
Published	08/23/2023	{{c2::Hypogammaglobulinaemia}} is a common blood finding in {{c1::chronic myeloid leukemia}}
Published	08/23/2023	The mechanism of genetic injury in lymphomagenesis include:{{c1::Activation of oncogenes by chromosomal translocations}} {{c1::Inactivation of t…
Published	08/23/2023	{{c1::Rouleaux formation}} of red blood cells in multiple myeloma involves the stacking of red blood cells like "poker chips" due to a decre…
Published	08/23/2023	In multiple myeloma, there are {{c1::Bence Jones proteins}} present in urine analysis
Published	08/23/2023	{{c2::Multiple myeloma}} is a tumor of the {{c1::plasma}} cells
Published	08/23/2023	Name some "B-symptoms" used in the Ann-Arbor staging system of lymphoma
Published	08/23/2023	Name the myeloma CRAB criteria
Published	08/23/2023	{{c1::Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)}} is a marker found in premature T and pre-mature B lymphoblasts that is used to diagnose acute…
Published	08/23/2023	The t({{c1::12}};{{c1::21}}) chromosomal translocation is most commonly involved in acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children
Published	08/23/2023	Crystallized myeloperoxidase found in acute myelogenous leukemia is called {{c1::Auer rods}}.
Published	08/23/2023	Aplastic anemia is associated with a(n) {{c1::decreased::increased/decreased/unchanged}} reticulocyte count
Published	08/23/2023	Aplastic anemia is associated with {{c1::decreased::increased/decreased/unchanged}} EPO levels
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