Notes in 03 Maternal Physiology

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Hormone that increase smooth muscle tone during pregnancy1. Estrogen2. Progesterone{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Which one does not occur in GIT due to progesterone during pregnancy?A. Decreased GI motilityB. Increased LES contractionC. ConstipationD. I…
Published	07/30/2024	Since pregnant women are given ferrous sulfate as a requirement for Iron supplement, what other medication is given to lessen constipation side effect…
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Better advice for pregnant px considering GIT changes1. Eat small frequent feedings2. Eat big meals with long intervals {{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Acceptable hemorrhoid surgery on pregnant px1. External hemorrhoids2. Internal hemorrhoids{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Gastric emptying time is onyl prolonged in 2 instances:{{c1::During laborAfter administration of ANE}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR. Hepatic function 1. Pregnancy2. TOTAL albumin levels{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR. Hepatic function 1. Pregnancy2. SERUM albumin levels{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR. Hepatic function 1. Pregnancy2. SERUM globin levels{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Decrease gallbladder contractility among pregnant px1. Estrogen2. Progesterone{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Increase risk of bile stone formation due to increased cholesterol in pregnant px1. Estrogen2. Progesterone{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	There will be prolonged gallbladder emptying because of the inhibition of {{c1::cholecystokinin::hormone released in SI}}
Published	07/30/2024	CBAMost potent vasodilator to increase GFR in kidneysA. EstrogenB. ProgesteroneC. RelaxinD. Nitric oxide{{c1::D}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Nitric oxide during 1. Decreased renal afferent resistance2. Decreased renal efferent resistance{{c1::C}}
Published	07/30/2024	T or FGFR increased as much as 25% throughout the 3 trimesters of gestation {{c1::False}}
Published	07/30/2024	Normal Values: Serum creatinine value for pregnant px {{c1::mean of 0.5 to 0.7 mg/dl}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Primary hormone for increased GFR during pregnancy 1. Estrogen 2. Progesterone{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Why is there ↑ GFR and ↑ RPF in the kidneys of pregnant px?{{c1::↑ Blood volume}}
Published	07/30/2024	In the Philippines, glucosuria is {{c1::abn::abn/n}}ormal
Published	07/30/2024	Proteinuria Threshold in Pregnant Px:=/>{{c1::300}} mg/dL
Published	07/30/2024	If you see proteinuria in a pregnant px, think of {{c1::pre-eclampsia}}
Published	07/30/2024	Why is there an increase in risk of UTI in pregnant px?{{c1::Gravid uterus causes urinary stasis ↑ UTI risk}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Ureter side which is more dilated in 3rd trimester1. Right ureter2. Left ureter{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Increase breast lobule development 1. Progesterone2. Estrogen{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Increase lactiferous duct system development 1. Progesterone2. Estrogen{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Cause of enlarged pituitary gland1. Progesterone2. Estrogen{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR. Pregnancy1. Dopamine2. Prolactin {{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR. Pregnancy1. TRH2. Prolactin {{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR. Pregnancy1. Serotonin2. Prolactin {{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Thyroid volume changeFirst trimester: {{c1::12 mL}}Term: {{c1::15 mL}}
Published	07/30/2024	CBAWhich one does not occur in pregnancy?A. INC TBGB. INC serum T4 and T3C. INC free T4 and T3D. INC TRH{{c1::C}}
Published	07/30/2024	Synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormone by fetal pituitary TSH ensues at approximately {{c1::20}}th week
Published	07/30/2024	Which placental hormone have intrinsic thyrotropic activity, similar to TSH?{{c1::hCG}}
Published	07/30/2024	T or F TSH levels in the first trimester decline{{c1::True}}
Published	07/30/2024	T or FTSH is normal suppressed during pregnancy {{c1::True}}
Published	07/30/2024	Fetal exposure to T3/T4 is essential for {{c1::nervous system::body system}} development
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Pregnancy 1. INC iodine requirement2. DEC iodine requirement {{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Determine PTH level in different trimesters of pregnancy 1st trimester: {{c1::DEC}}2nd trimester: {{c1::INC}}3rd trimester: {{c1::INC}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Pregnancy 1. PTH level 2. Calcitonin level {{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR.1. Plasma Ca and Mg2. PTH {{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cortisol level at different stages of pregnany Early: {{c1::DEC}}Late: {{c1::INC}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Blood flow to brain 1. Pregnant2. Non-pregnant{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Magnesium sulfate}} are given in women with preeclampsia, to improve memory and attention
Published	07/30/2024	T or FVisual function is NOT AFFECTED during pregnancy{{c1::True}}
Published	07/30/2024	Recommended amount of kcal to be added daily to pregant px{{c1::300 kcal}}
Published	07/30/2024	Minimum amount of extra water that the average woman accrues during normal pregnancy is {{c1::~6.5}}L
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Uterine enlargement cause1. Hypertrophy of myometrium2. Hyperplasia of myometrium{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Primary stimuli for uterine enlargement <{{c2::12}} weeks: {{c1::Estrogen>Progesterone}}>{{c2::12}} weeks: {{c1::Expanding fetus}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR]1. Angiotensin II2. Uteroplacental Blood Flow{{c1::B but irl, usually C. Strange right? but remember that most women have ↓ sensitivity or vascula…
Published	07/30/2024	Low uterine blood flow during pregnancy may lead to {{c1::fetal growth restriction::fetal condition}}
Published	07/30/2024	A non pregnant uterus can usually hold {{c1::10}} mL of volumeA pregnant uterus can usually hold {{c1::5000-20,000}} mL
Published	07/30/2024	Implantation happens at the {{c1::upper ⅓  of fundus}} of the uterus
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Shape of uterus during pregnancy 1. Globular 2. Piriform{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	At what week does the uterus begin to grow relative to time of fertilization ?{{c1::6th week}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Progression of uterine wall at later stages of pregnancy1. Gets thicker2. Gets thinner{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Approximate uterus weight during pregnancy {{c1::1.1kg}}
Published	07/30/2024	What are the three distinct layers of the muscular layer in the uterus?{{c1::Outer longitudinal fibersMiddle figure-eight fibersInner circular fi…
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Muscular layer of uterusMost important layer during labor and after delivery as it contracts and helps dilate the cervixA. Longitudinal layer&nbs…
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Muscular layer of uterusHood-like layer → arches over the fundusA. Longitudinal layer B. Interlacing or figure-eight fibers/ligaturesC.…
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Muscular layer of uterusOccupies most the uterine wallA. Longitudinal layer B. Interlacing or figure-eight fibers/ligaturesC. Sphi…
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Muscular layer of uterusPrevents mortality during childbirth and postpartum hemorrhageA. Longitudinal layer B. Interlacing or figure-ei…
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Muscular layer of uterusForms the fibers of fallopian tube orifices and internal cervical osA. Longitudinal layer B. Interlacing o…
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Common position of uterus1. Retroverted2. Anteverted{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	As the uterus enlarges, it rotates to the {{c2::right::right or left}} to adapt to the {{c1::rectosigmoid::organ}} at the the pelvis
Published	07/30/2024	During pregnancy, {{c1::left::left or right}} round ligament is located higher compared to the other
Published	07/30/2024	Approximate location of uterus at {{c2::12}}th week {{c1::level of the symphysis pubis}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Braxton Hicks contractions (BHCs)}} - painless {{c2::irr}}egular uterine contractions starting at {{c2::20}} weeks
Published	07/30/2024	Approximate location of uterus at  {{c2::20}}th week {{c1::Umbilicus}}
Published	07/30/2024	Familiarize with causes of breech pregnancy{{c1::}}
Published	07/30/2024	How much contractions are needed per 10 minutes for proper labor?{{c1::3 in 10 minutes}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Pregnancy progression 2. Uterine vein caliber{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Uterine contraction 2. Uteroplacental blood flow {{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	At which stage of labor does uteroplacental blood flow decrease?{{c1::Second stage of labor}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Spiral}} arteries directly supply the placenta
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Endovascular}} trophoblasts invade spiral arteries → intramural muscular elements destroyed to keep the vessels DILATED
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Estrogen::hormone}}, {{c1::progesterone::hormone}}, and {{c1::relaxin::hormone}} causes uterine artery vasodilation and DEC vascular resistance
Published	07/30/2024	Possible pregnancy pathology associated with absence of endovascular trophboblast invasion {{c1::preeclampsia (hypertension in pregnant women)}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. maternal sFlt-12. uterine vessel caliber{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Nicotine effect on uteroplacental vessels1. Vasodilation2. Vasoconstriction{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Catecholamines1. Vasodilation2. Vasoconstriction{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Remember the only vasoconstrictors{{c1::}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Goodell's Sign}} - As early as month {{c2::1}}, the cervix of a pregnant px becomes soft because of hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the cervical …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Chadwick's Sign}} - The cervix and vagina of a pregnant px becomes bluish because of increased vascularity and edema
Published	07/30/2024	Changes that the cervix undergoes:{{c1::Goodell's SignChadwick's SignHegar's SignMucus PlugCervical Eversion::5}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hegar's sign}} - Cervical isthmic softening
Published	07/30/2024	Purpose of the cervical mucus plug?{{c1::Obstructs cervical canal which contains Ig and cytokines for immunity of fetus}}
Published	07/30/2024	How to confirm if amniotic fluid is leaking during gestation?{{c1::Ferning pattern of mucus/fluid examination from cervix}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cervical Discharge IdentificationCervical mucus: {{c1::bead}}ing pattern caused by {{c1::progesterone}}Amniotic fluid: {{c1::fern}}ing pattern caused …
Published	07/30/2024	Cause of cervical eversion during pregnancy{{c1::Arias-Stella reaction - hyperplasia and hypersecretory appearance of endocervical glands}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Cause of cervical eversion 1. Estrogen2. Progesterone{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	HIstological appearance of cervix during pregnancy{{c1::Marked proliferation of columnar cervical glands}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR. Cervix 1. Pregnancy2. Collagen content{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Risk of Vuvlvovaginal Candidiasis1. 1st Trimester2. 2nd & 3rd Trimester{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	It is safe to excise the corpus luteum after {{c1::7}} weeks
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Extrauterine Decidual Reaction}} - Slightly elevated clear or red patches just beneath the ovarian surface that bleed easily resembles freshly t…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Theca-lutein cysts}} - Benign bilateral cysts on the ovaries that reflect exaggerated physiological follicle stimulation linked to ↑ {{c1::hCG::…
Published	07/30/2024	Temporary anatomical cause of theca-lutein cysts on mother's body{{c1::BaldingHirsutismClitoromegaly::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Pregnancy2. Fallopian tube epith thickness{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cause of decreased vaginal pH ranging 3.5-6.0{{c1::Metabolism of glycogen energy stores in the vaginal epithelium by Lactobacillus acidophilus}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR]1. Breast Size2. Milk Volume{{c1::C}}
Published	07/30/2024	Hormone for milk letdown , from hypothalamus {{c1::Oxytocin}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Colostrum}} - A nutrient-rich first milk produced by breasts after first few months of pregnancy w/ Igs
Published	07/30/2024	Hormone that causes discoloration of breast areola, armpit, and neck {{c1::Estrogen}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Striae gravidarum}} - Reddish, slightly depressed streaks that commonly develop in abdominal skin of pregnant pxs
Published	07/30/2024	Darkening of the stretch marks is due to an INC in {{c1::estrogen::hormone}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Diastasis Recti}} - Widened rectus abdominis muscles due to increased expanding pressure
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Chloasma (melasma gravidarum)}} - Irregular brownish patches of varying sizes on face and neck of a pregnant px
Published	07/30/2024	Primary hormone that cause increased cutaneous blood flow during pregnancy - causing angioma and palmar erythema{{c1::Estrogen}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Telogen Effluvium}} - Excessive hair loss in puerperium in pregnant px
Published	07/30/2024	Primary hair follifcle cycle that is dominant postpartum {{c1::Telogen phase}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Primary energy source during pregnancy 1. Glucose2. Lipids{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Hormone responsible for INC starvation of pregnant px{{c1::Human placental lactogen}}
Published	07/30/2024	Familiarze with set of hormones that induce insulin resistance{{c1::}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Pregnancy 2. Glucagon utilization {{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Pregnancy 2. Hepatic gluconeogenesis{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. HPL 2. Lipolysis {{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. HPL 2. Maternal glucose level {{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. HPL 2. Insulin sensitivity {{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Lipid Utilization during Pregnancy:1st Trimester: Lipo{{c1::genesis}}2nd Trimester: Lipo{{c1::genesis}}3rd Trimester: Lipo{{c1::lysis}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::1000}} mEq of Na and {{c1::300}} mEq of K are retained during normal pregnancy
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Pregnancy2. Na and K glomerular filtration{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Electrolytes that are decreased in pregnancy{{c1::Protein-bound non-ionized Calcium Total Magnesium::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Pregnancy 2. Serum phosphate levels{{c1::C}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Pregnancy2. Thyroxin production {{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Nitric oxide}}: potent vaso{{c2::dilator::constrictor/dilator}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Angiotensin II}}: Potent vaso{{c2::constrictor::dilator/constrictor}}
Published	07/30/2024	Why does the heart of a pregnant px produce a larger cardiac silhouette?{{c1::benign pericardial effusion}}
Published	07/30/2024	CVD Indices that increase during pregnany:{{c1::COHR by 10 bpmSV}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::6-7 weeks from LMP::Timeframe}}: {{c2::DEC brachial systolic and diastolic BP and central systolic BP::Change in BP}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Between 10-20 weeks::timeframe}}: {{c2::INC::INC/DEC}} preload and plasma volume expansion
Published	07/30/2024	Normal Changes in the Auscultation of a Pregnant Px:Exaggerated splitting and ↑ loudness of S{{c1::1}}Loud S{{c1::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	Normal Changes in the ECG of a Pregnant Px:{{c1::Q}} waves in leads {{c1::II, III, and avF}}{{c1::Flat or Inverted T}} waves in leads {{c1::III and V1…
Published	07/30/2024	HEART SOUNDS{{c1::S1}}: {{c2::INC loudness and splitting}} of both components{{c1::S2}}: no definitive changes in aortic and pulmonary elements{{…
Published	07/30/2024	Expanding Plasma VolumeNormal: {{c1::INC::INC/DEC/NO CHANGE}} end-systolic and end-diastolic dimensions and {{c1::NO CHANGE::INC/DEC/NO CHANGE}}&…
Published	07/30/2024	Remodeling{{c1::INC::INC/DEC}} LV mass at {{c2::26-30}} weeks of gestationConcentric and proportional to {{c3::maternal size}}
Published	07/30/2024	CVD Indices that don't change during pregnany:{{c1::PCWPCVP}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Decrease during pregnancy1. Diastolic Pressure2. Systolic Pressure{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::INC::INC/DEC}} CO found in {{c2::Left Lateral Recumbent}} position
Published	07/30/2024	What position should a pregnant px avoid and why?{{c1::Supine because the uterus compresses the great vessels}}Instead, they should lie in a {{c1::L o…
Published	07/30/2024	CO in Multifetal Pregnancy{{c1::INC::INC/DEC}} CO by {{c1::20%}} when compared to singletons{{c2::INC::INC/DEC}} CO in {{c2::2nd and 3r…
Published	07/30/2024	Periods of INC CO{{c1::28th week}}: {{c2::INC::INC/DEC}} plasma volume and O2 demand{{c1::Labor}}: Autotransfusion → uterus {{c3::contracts}…
Published	07/30/2024	Hemodynamic Function in PregnancyINCDECNO CHANGE{{c1::HR, Stroke Volume, CO}}{{c2::SVR, PVR, Osmotic pressure}}{{c3::Pulmonary capillary wedge pressur…
Published	07/30/2024	Circulation and BP{{c1::DEC::INC/DEC}} arterial pressure to {{c2::nadir at 24-26 weeks}} of gestation → {{c1::INC::INC/DEC}} after{{c1:…
Published	07/30/2024	Circulation and BPChanges in Position{{c1::Brachial pressure}}: {{c2::INC::INC/DEC}} in LLR, {{c2::DEC::INC/DEC}} when sitting{{c1::SBP}}: {…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Supine Hypotensive Syndrome}}When pregnant woman stands up after lying flat → supine compression of {{c2::pelvic vein and IVC}} by the…
Published	07/30/2024	Renin, ATII and Blood Volume{{c1::INC::INC/DEC}} Renin-angiotensin due to {{c1::INC::INC/DEC}} estrogen
Published	07/30/2024	Renin, ATII and Blood Volume{{c1::DEC::INC/DEC}} vascular response of ATII
Published	07/30/2024	Brachial artery pressure is ↑ when in the {{c1::lateral recumbent supine}} positionSBP is ↑ when in the {{c1::flexed sitting or su…
Published	07/30/2024	Prostaglandins{{c1::INC::INC/DEC}} prostaglandin → vascular tone, BP and sodium balance{{c1::INC::INC/DEC}} Renal medullary {{c2::PGE2 and PGI2::…
Published	07/30/2024	Endothelin-1Potent vaso{{c1::constrictor::dilator/constrictor}} → regulates local vasomotor toneStimulated by {{c2::ATII, AVP and thrombin}}{{c3:…
Published	07/30/2024	Respiratory Anatomical ChangesDiaphragm = {{c1::INC::INC/DEC}} {{c2::~4cm}} → uterus pushes it {{c2::upwards::upwards/downwards}}Subcostal a…
Published	07/30/2024	Uterine Growth TimelineStart of enlargement: {{c1::6 weeks from fertilization::number of weeks}}
Published	07/30/2024	Uterine Growth TimelineMain stimulus of uterine growth <12 weeks: {{c1::hormonal stimulation}}
Published	07/30/2024	Uterine Growth TimelineMain stimulus of uterine growth >12 weeks: {{c1::pressure of growing fetus}}
Published	07/30/2024	Part of the uterus that is markedly enlarged {{c1::fundus}}
Published	07/30/2024	Muscular Arrangement of the UterusLayer of the uterus containing longitudinal fibers {{c1::Outer Layer}}
Published	07/30/2024	Major hormones of pregnancy {{c1::estrogen, progesterone, hCG, HPL, and relaxin}}
Published	07/30/2024	Muscular Arrangement of the UterusLayer containing sphincter-like, circular fibers {{c1::Inner Layer}}
Published	07/30/2024	Muscular Arrangement of the UterusLayer containing interlacing or figure-eight fibers/ligatures and occupying most of the uterine wall{{c1::Middl…
Published	07/30/2024	Muscular Arrangement of the UterusThe middle layer provides a {{c1::safety net mechanism}} that prevents mortality and hemorrhage during childbir…
Published	07/30/2024	Muscular ArrangementLayer that provides the most force during contraction{{c1::middle layer}}
Published	07/30/2024	Uterine Atony: {{c1::Uterus does not contract properly and the patient continues to bleed::definition}}
Published	07/30/2024	The uterus is usually {{c1::anteverted::retroverted/anteverted}}
Published	07/30/2024	At {{c1::12 weeks::number of weeks}}, the fundus is at the level of the {{c2::symphysis pubis::landmark}} and becomes {{c3::globular::shape}}
Published	07/30/2024	Respiratory Rate{{c1::UNCHANGED::INC/DEC/UNCHANGED}}{{c2::14-20}} breaths/minTotal Lung Capacity{{c1::UNCHANGED or DEC::INC/DEC/UNCHANGED}} by {{c2::&…
Published	07/30/2024	Effects of progesterone on brainstem{{c1::INC::INC/DEC}} RR, {{c1::INC::INC/DEC}} Depth of respiration --> {{c1::INC::INC/DEC}} minute vo…
Published	07/30/2024	At {{c1::16 weeks::number of weeks}}, the uterus becomes an {{c2::abdominal::anatomic location}} organ.
Published	07/30/2024	At {{c1::20 weeks::number of weeks}}, the uterus is at the level of the {{c2::umbilicus::landmark}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Oxygen Delivery Amount of oxygen delivered into the lungs by {{c1::increased::INC/DEC}} tidal volume clearly {{c1::exceeds}} oxygen req…
Published	07/30/2024	INC Oxygen Consumption{{c1::~20%}} during pregnancy{{c1::10%}} in multifetal gestations{{c1::~40-60%}} during labor
Published	07/30/2024	At {{c1::1st few weeks::number of weeks}}, the uterus is a {{c2::pelvic::anatomic location}} organ and maintains its original {{c3::pir…
Published	07/30/2024	Acid-Base Equilibrium{{c1::Physiologic dyspnea}}:{{c2::INC}} awareness to breathe {{c2::INC}} respiratory effort due to progesteroneResult from {…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Braxton Hicks Contractions::name}}- painless irregular uterine contractions starting at 20 weeks
Published	07/30/2024	Blood Volume{{c1::INC::INC/DEC}} by 40-45% and is most rapid during 2nd trimester {{c1::INC::INC/DEC}} in both plasma and erythrocytes {{c2::(pla…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Physiologic anemia}}: Occurs because of {{c2::INC plasma > INC erythrocytes}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Repeat CBC}} by {{c2::3rd trimester}}
Published	07/30/2024	During {{c1::pregnancy::pregnancy/contractions}}, there is {{c2::increased::inc/dec}} uteroplacental blood flow.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::500mL}} blood loss in {{c2::normal spontaneous delivery::CS/NSD}}{{c1::1000mL}} blood loss in {{c2::Cesarean section::CS/NSD}}
Published	07/30/2024	Hemoglobin and Hematocrit{{c1::DEC::INC/DEC}} slightly in pregnancy due to great plasma augmentation{{c2::1st and 3rd trimester}}: {{c3::< 11.0 g/d…
Published	07/30/2024	During {{c1::contractions::pregnancy/contractions}}, there is {{c2::decreased::inc/dec}} uteroplacental blood flow.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Low::High/Low}} hemoglobin concentration in {{c2::late::early/late}} pregnancy is abnormal and due to IDA
Published	07/30/2024	Regulators of Blood FlowNitric Oxide: {{c1::vasodilator::vasoconstrictor/vasodilator}}{{c3::soluble FMS-like tyrosine-kinase 1 (sFlt-1)::protein}…
Published	07/30/2024	Iron MetabolismRecommended iron requirement: {{c1::6-7 mg/day}} of iron
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::1000 mg}} iron required for normal pregnancy{{c1::300 mg}}{{c2::actively transferred to the fetus and placenta}}{{c1::200 mg}}{{c3::lost in the …
Published	07/30/2024	Most iron is used during the {{c1::latter half::former/latter half}} of pregnancy
Published	07/30/2024	LACK OF IRON SUPPLEMENTATION{{c1::DEC::INC/DEC}} serum iron and ferritin{{c1::DEC::INC/DEC}} hemoglobin and hematocrit
Published	07/30/2024	Iron MetabolismFetal RBC production is {{c1::not impaired::impaired/not impaired}}Hepcidin levels {{c1::drop early}} in pregnancy
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::INC}} WBC count cut-off for pregnantNon-pregnant: {{c2::10,000/uL}}Pregnant: {{c2::15,000/uL}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::INC}} clotting factors secondary to {{c2::hyperestrogenemia}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Incomplete::Incomplete/complete}} trophoblastic invasion leads to {{c1::non-dilation::dilation/non-dilation}} of blood vessels le…
Published	07/30/2024	INCREASEDDECREASED{{c1::Reticulocyte count}}{{c2::Platelet count}}{{c1::WBC count}}{{c1::CRP and ESR}}{{c1::Clotting factors except FXI and FXIII}}{{c…
Published	07/30/2024	CervixBecomes soft {{c1::6 weeks::number of weeks}} from the time of conception due to {{c2::INC::INC/DEC}} vascularity and hyperemia.
Published	07/30/2024	During {{c1::labor and early pureperium}}, WBC rises to attain levels of {{c1::>/= 25,000/uL}}
Published	07/30/2024	During pregnancy, there is an {{c1::unchanged::INC/DEC/UNCHANGED}} CD4:CD8 ratio
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::INC::INC/DEC}} clotting factors during pregnancy as a protective mechanism to prevent {{c2::hemorrhage}} especially during delivery
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::INC::INC/DEC}} level and rate of thrombin generation throughout gestation progressively{{c1::INC::INC/DEC}} fibrinogen concentration o…
Published	07/30/2024	Pregnancy is associated with {{c1::suppression::process}} of various humoral and cell-mediated immunological functions to {{c2::not attack the fe…
Published	07/30/2024	Immunological FunctionExpression of {{c1::MHC}} on trophoblastChanges in {{c2::CD4}} subpopulation to shift from {{c2::Th1}} to {{c2::T…
Published	07/30/2024	Cervical Mucus{{c1::INC::INC/DEC}} IgA and IgG
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::MHC HLA Ib::HLA Class}}: promotes {{c2::tolerance}} to permit {{c2::foreign semiallogenic fetal graft}}
Status	Last Update	Fields