Notes in Cell Signaling Lecture

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Published	08/06/2024	Vitamin {{c1::D3}} is a {{c2::steroid hormone that regulates Ca++ metabolism and bone growth}}
Published	08/06/2024	The {{c1::Nuclear Receptor Superfamily}} refers to a group of proteins that act as {{c2::locked gates preventing access to the nucleus. Once the right…
Published	08/06/2024	The Glucocorticoid Receptor pathway is as follows:{{c1::1. Is usually inactive in the cell (bound to Hsp90 chaperone which keeps it inactive) }}{…
Published	08/06/2024	The Thyroid Hormone Receptor pathway is as follows:{{c1::1. The receptor is already connected to DNA.}}{{c2::2. If a hormone binds, the receptor becom…
Published	08/06/2024	{{c1::Nitric Oxide (NO)}} is a paracrine signaling molecule that {{c2::diffuses across the plasma membrane. It also synthesizes cGMP. }}
Published	08/06/2024	Neurotransmitters such as {{c1::Acetylcholine and GABA}} are {{c2::hydrophilic and thus bind to receptors on the cell surface.}}
Published	08/06/2024	G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) structure contain {{c1::7 membrane-spanning alpha helices}}. They are associated with a G protein on the inner fac…
Published	08/06/2024	Compare and contrast Ionotropic vs Metabotropic Signaling. {{c1::Ionotropic: Direct, fast, short-term. Opens ion channels.Metabotropic: Indirect,…
Published	08/06/2024	G Protein info:Structure involves three subunits: {{c1::Alpha, Beta, and Gamma all bound together when inactive.}} G Protein activity is regulate…
Published	08/06/2024	Cyclic AMP (cAMP) Info:1. Synthesized by: {{c1::Adenylyl Cyclase from ATP. }}2. Degraded to: {{c2::AMP by cAMP phosphodiesterases.&nbsp…
Published	08/06/2024	Protein Kinase A (PKA) info:1. Structure involves how many subunits? {{c1::4, two regulatory and two catalytic. Together they form a tetramer.&nb…
Published	08/06/2024	How do you reverse the phosphorylation by Protein Kinase A (PKA)? {{c1::Use a phosphatase such as Enzyme Protein Phosphatase 1. }}
Published	08/06/2024	IP3-DAG pathway info: 1. Alpha subunit binds to and activates {{c1::phospholipase C}}2. Activated phospholipase C cleaves {{c2::PI(4,5)P2 to IP3…
Published	08/06/2024	G proteins can also directly regulate proteins without phosphorylation by:{{c1::Beta-Gamma complex binding to ion channels, resulting in the channel b…
Published	08/06/2024	Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) Information:1. Structure includes: {{c1::An N-Terminal ligand-binding domain, a transmembrane alpha helix, and a…
Published	08/06/2024	HER2 Information:1. Upregulated in: {{c1::Breast cancer, typically multiple copies of the HER2 gene and increased levels of the protein. }}2…
Published	08/06/2024	Nonreceptor Tyrosine Kinases:What is the difference between this and RTKs? {{c1::These are not covalently bound to Tyrosine Kinases in the cytoso…
Published	08/06/2024	JAK-STAT PathwayWhat does this pathway do? {{c4::Activates transcription in immune cells. }}What is JAK? {{c1::Janus Kinase, a nonrecep…
Published	08/06/2024	SrcWhat is Src? {{c1::An Integrin/SH2 domain, it acts as a receptor for ECM molecules. Primarily relevant for mantaining normal cell behavior. }}…
Published	08/06/2024	Ras KinaseWhat is it? {{c1::A MAP kinase pathway activator. This pathway is important for cell growth. }}How is it activated? {{c2::GDP is r…
Published	08/06/2024	PI 3-Kinase/Akt (aka Protein Kinase B) PathwayWhat is it useful for? {{c1::The cell survival pathway. }}Upon ligand binding: {{c2::Phos…
Published	08/06/2024	mTOR PathwayWhat is it? {{c1::Regulator of cell growth and it includes PI-3kinase/Akt.}}Structure: {{c2::Made up of 2 complexes, MTORC1 and …
Published	08/06/2024	What is Rapamycin?{{c1::An inhibitor of mTORC1. These inhibitors are used to treat lung cancer because if mTOR is not regulated properly, it can resul…
Published	08/06/2024	TGF-b/Smad pathwayWhat is it? {{c1::A pathway that stimulates expression of target genes.}}What type of receptor is TGF-b? {{c2::Serine and …
Published	08/06/2024	NF-kB family What are they? {{c1::Transcription factors important in function of immune system}}How are they activated? {{c2::Activated by degrad…
Published	08/06/2024	NotchWhat is it? {{c1::A receptor that controls cell fate during animal development.}}What is the name of it's ligand? {{c2::Delta and it's …
Published	08/06/2024	NF-kB Feedback Loop Pathway What kind of feedback lopp? {{c1::Negative feedback loop}}How does it work? {{c2::NF-kB stimulates transcription…
Published	08/06/2024	ERK and PI-3 Kinase PathwaysHow do they interact? {{c1::Ras activates PI 3-Kinase, Akt inhibits Raf, ERK inhibits TSC and also activates MTORC1.&…
Published	08/06/2024	What is Supersensitization?{{c1::When an antagonist reduces the number of receptors on cell surface, but then the antagonist is removed and there is a…
Published	08/06/2024	What is Desensitization?{{c1::When an agonist reduces the number of receptors on a surface, resulting in a decreased response to binding of the ligand…
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