Notes in Week 1 - Gastroenterology

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Published	05/06/2025	what are the components of the alimentary canal?
Published	05/06/2025	what are the functions of the GI tract?
Published	05/06/2025	what are the 4 layers of the GI tract?
Published	05/06/2025	describe the mucosa layer
Published	05/06/2025	describe the lamina propia layer
Published	05/06/2025	describe the muscularis mucosa layer
Published	05/06/2025	describe the submucosa layer
Published	05/06/2025	describe the muscularis externa layer
Published	05/06/2025	what is the Auerbach plexus?
Published	05/06/2025	describe the serosa layer
Published	05/06/2025	what does the mucosa contain?
Published	05/06/2025	what does the submucosa contain?
Published	05/06/2025	The muscularis usually has two layers of smooth muscle: {{c1::outer longitudinal}} and {{c1::inner circular}} however there is an additional layer in …
Published	05/06/2025	The serosa or {{c1::adventitia}} for the esophagus is the {{c1::outermost}} layer and serves as a {{c1::protective}} and {{c1::lubricating}} membrane&…
Published	05/06/2025	Striated muscles are under {{c1::voluntary}} control while visceral smooth muscle are under {{c1::autonomic}} control
Published	05/06/2025	what muscles of the GI tract are striated or under voluntary control?
Published	05/06/2025	what muscles of the GI tract are smooth or under autonomic control?
Published	05/06/2025	contrast submucosal (Meissner's) plexus vs myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus
Published	05/06/2025	what sensory neurons are part of the ENS intrinsic function?
Published	05/06/2025	what is the function of motor enteric neurons in the ENS intrinsic function and where are they located?
Published	05/06/2025	The extrinsic function of the ENS involves {{c1::parasympathetic}} and {{c1::sympathetic nervous systems}} as well as {{c1::endocrine functions. …
Published	05/06/2025	How does the extrinsic function of ENS involve the PNS?
Published	05/06/2025	How does the extrinsic function of ENS involve the SNS?
Published	05/06/2025	Mesentery: {{c1::Attaches most of small intestine to posterior abdominal wall}}Mesocolon: {{c1::Attaches transverse and sigmoid colon to posterior abd…
Published	05/06/2025	what is the function of saliva?
Published	05/06/2025	what is the purpose of propulsion in the oral cavity?
Published	05/06/2025	where does mechanical digestion occur?
Published	05/06/2025	what is chemical digestion in the oral cavity?
Published	05/06/2025	what processes are carried out by the esophagus?
Published	05/06/2025	describe the function of the upper esophageal sphincter?
Published	05/06/2025	describe the function of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
Published	05/06/2025	The lower esophageal sphincter is also known as the {{c1::cardiac sphincter}}
Published	05/06/2025	what is the histology difference in the esophagus versus the stomach?
Published	05/06/2025	what endocrine secretions are involved in the extrinsic function of the ENS?
Published	05/06/2025	what does the simple columnar epithelium in the stomach form?
Published	05/06/2025	what cells line the gastric pits of the stomach?
Published	05/06/2025	what are parietal cells?
Published	05/06/2025	what are chief cells?
Published	05/06/2025	what are muscous cells?
Published	05/06/2025	what type of cells are categorized as enteroendocrine cells?
Published	05/06/2025	what does G-cells secrete?
Published	05/06/2025	what does D-cells secrete?
Published	05/06/2025	what does ECL cells secrete?
Published	05/06/2025	what stimulates the stomach lining to be replaced and how often does this occur?
Published	05/06/2025	what are gastic glands or 'pits'?
Published	05/06/2025	what protects the stomach lining?
Published	05/06/2025	what are the components of the small intestine?
Published	05/06/2025	what is the duodenum?
Published	05/06/2025	DUODENUM:Ampulla of vater: {{c1::common bile duct and main pancreatic duct join}} Sphincter of Oddi: {{c1::Controls bile and pancreatic secretion…
Published	05/06/2025	what is the jejunum?
Published	05/06/2025	what is the ileum?
Published	05/06/2025	what processes occur in the small intestine?
Published	05/06/2025	what regulates the rate of contractions in the small intestine? what is the rate in the duodenum and ileum?
Published	05/06/2025	what regulates amplitude of contractions in the small intestine?
Published	05/06/2025	what processes occur in the large intestine (colon)?
Published	05/06/2025	what are the functions of the colon?
Published	05/06/2025	what occurs in the motility area of the colon?
Published	05/06/2025	Deferral of {{c1::reflex motility}} can cause constipation
Published	05/06/2025	The pancreas is a {{c1::retroperitoneal}} gland, {{c1::12-15}} cm long, posterior to (greater curvature of) stomach. It is 99% {{c1::exocrine}} acini …
Published	05/06/2025	what are the functions of the pancreas?
Published	05/06/2025	what secretes pancreatic juice?
Published	05/06/2025	what two ducts are pancreatic juice secreted into?
Published	05/06/2025	what regulates the release of pancreatic juice?
Published	05/06/2025	how does the pancreatic juice get to duodenum?
Published	05/06/2025	what does amylase degrade?
Published	05/06/2025	Triglyceride lipase degrades {{c1::triglycerides}}Phospholipase cleaves a {{c1::phospholipid}} to yield {{c1::fatty acid}}Cholesterol esterase {{c1::h…
Published	05/06/2025	what stimulates enzyme secretion in the pancreas?
Published	05/06/2025	what does amino acids and fatty acids in the small intestine stimulate?
Published	05/06/2025	what stimulates secretin?
Published	05/07/2025	what are the 5 processes needed for food to be used as an energy source?
Published	05/07/2025	what are the 3 parts of the digestive phase?
Published	05/07/2025	The cephalic phase ("mouth waters") is mediated by the {{c1::vagus}} nerve and triggers the release of {{c1::gastrin}} and {{c1::HCl}}
Published	05/07/2025	The gastric phase is initiated by {{c1::gastric distention}} and {{c1::proteins}}, and this functions to enhance {{c1::secretions}}
Published	05/07/2025	The intestinal phase has limited stimulation via {{c1::enteric}} reflexes and is where most {{c1::absorption}} occurs
Published	05/07/2025	Salivary {{c1::amylase}} starts breaking down carbohydrates in the oral cavity however nothing is yet absorbed.
Published	05/07/2025	why is there minimal absorption in the stomach?
Published	05/07/2025	what is the function of the epithelium in the small intestine?
Published	05/07/2025	what are villi?
Published	05/07/2025	what are crypts?
Published	05/07/2025	what are anatomical feature that enhance surface area in the small intestine?
Published	05/07/2025	Microvilli are microscopic projections, seen in light microscope as fuzzy line ({{c1::brush border}}) on {{c1::absorptive cells}}. They consist of {{c…
Published	05/07/2025	how are pancreatic enzymes produced vs brush border enzymes?
Published	05/07/2025	what is the difference in secretion of pancreatic enzymes vs brush border enzymes?
Published	05/07/2025	where are pancreatic enzymes released? what triggers this?
Published	05/07/2025	what is the function of brush border enzymes?
Published	05/07/2025	what activates pancreatic enzymes?
Published	05/07/2025	what is Enteropeptidase [enterokinase]?
Published	05/07/2025	explain the process of carbohydrate digestion
Published	05/07/2025	explain the process of protein digestion
Published	05/07/2025	how does nuclease digestion occur?
Published	05/07/2025	explain the process of how fats are absorbed
Published	05/07/2025	what are the main functions of the large intestine?
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Published	05/07/2025	What is motility?
Published	05/07/2025	What are voluntary actions of motility?
Published	05/07/2025	Involuntary actions of motility
Published	05/07/2025	Define peristalsis
Published	05/07/2025	Define propulsion
Published	05/07/2025	Define segmentation
Published	05/07/2025	Define mixing motility pattern
Published	05/07/2025	Characteristics of visceral smooth muscle cells (4)
Published	05/07/2025	How are visceral smooth muscle cells activated?
Published	05/07/2025	Where are enterocytes located?
Published	05/07/2025	Frequency of smooth muscle contraction is decreased by: (3)
Published	05/07/2025	Frequency of smooth muscle contraction is increased by: (3)
Published	05/07/2025	What does it mean that certain intestinal muscles act as a pacemaker?
Published	05/07/2025	At rest, intestinal muscles generate {{c1::slow wave potentials}}
Published	05/07/2025	What happens when slow wave potentials reach its threshold?
Published	05/07/2025	What are sphincters?
Published	05/07/2025	Do sphincters need to be relaxed or contracted to allow passage of materials?
Published	05/07/2025	Which sphincters are under voluntary control?
Published	05/07/2025	GI motility begins with {{c1::mastication}} which functions to: {{c2::1) break down food into smaller pieces}} and {{c2::2) physically break down indi…
Published	05/07/2025	What is the the second step of GI motility?
Published	05/07/2025	What are the 3 stages of swallowing?
Published	05/07/2025	Which CNs control swallowing impulses?
Published	05/07/2025	Oral phase of swallowing can be separated into {{c1::oral preparation}} and {{c1::oral phase}}. Both are under {{c1::voluntary}} control
Published	05/07/2025	Describe the oral preparation phase of swallowing
Published	05/07/2025	Describe the oral phase of swallowing
Published	05/07/2025	What initiates the pharyngeal phase of swallowing?
Published	05/07/2025	Describe what happens druing the pharyngeal phase of swallowing
Published	05/07/2025	The esophageal phase of swallowing is initiated when the {{c1::bolus enters the esophagus}}
Published	05/07/2025	Describe what happens during the esophageal phase of swallowing
Published	05/07/2025	Is the esophageal phase of swallowing under voluntary or involuntary control?
Published	05/07/2025	aab0fa781f35411daa1adccd51b1424b-oa-1
Published	05/07/2025	Describe motility in the stomach
Published	05/07/2025	How is chyme created?
Published	05/07/2025	What happens to chyme as the food contents become pushed toward the pylorus?
Status	Last Update	Fields