Notes in Foundations::Foundations Exam 3::13.1 Intro to Immunology

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Published	10/21/2024	An {{c1::innate}} immune response is a response immediately on invasion with what is naturally available
Published	10/21/2024	An {{c1::adaptive}} immune response is a response that recognizes that recognizes a new invasion, makes specific defenses, and remembers the invader f…
Published	10/21/2024	The innate immune system {{c1::first}} line of defense includes physical barriers (like the skin) and chemical or physiological barriers (like stomach…
Published	10/21/2024	The {{c1::complement}} system is a set of heat labile plasma proteins that act in a cascade to enhanced microbial killing
Published	10/21/2024	Phagocytes are cells that ingest foreign particles, including {{c1::neutrophils and macrophages}}
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Chemotaxis}} is movement of a cell in a particular direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a chemical…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Opsonization}} is the coating of the pathogen surface to make it readily ingested by phagocytes
Published	10/21/2024	There are three complement pathways: {{c1::classical, alternative, and lectin}}
Published	10/21/2024	The {{c1::classical}} pathway of the complement system is activated by IgM and IgG antibodies bound to antigens. This leads to {{c2::opsonification}}.
Published	10/21/2024	The {{c1::alternative}} pathway of the complement system is activated on microbial cell surfaces in the absence of antibody. This activates direct lys…
Published	10/21/2024	The {{c1::lectin}} pathway is activated by plasma lectins that bind to surface carbohydrates on microbes. This leads to proinflammatory effects via {{…
Published	10/21/2024	The innate immune system {{c1::second}} line of defense destroys pathogenic cells and informs other cells of pathogenic qualities to make more sp…
Published	10/21/2024	Neutrophils kill invaders via phagocytosis, while macrophages phagocytose and release {{c1::cytokines}}, which are small secreted proteins that h…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Cytokines}} include many compounds, including interleukins (IL), interferons (IFN), and tumor necrosis factors (TNF)
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Chemokines}} are cytokines which act as chemoattractants to guide the migration of cells during chemotaxis (CXCL-8, CCL2, CCR-2, etc.)
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Cytokines}} tell immune cells to activate and amplify immune response
Published	10/21/2024	Phagocytes have {{c1::Pattern Recognition Receptors}} (PRRs) that recognize {{c1::Pathogen Associated Molecular Paterns}} (PAMPs)
Published	10/21/2024	Some cytokines, like IL-1 and IL-B, are synthesized as inactive precursors and must me cleaved by {{c1::inflammasomes}} to become active
Published	10/21/2024	Inflammasomes are comprised of oligomers of a {{c1::sensor (NLR), caspase-1, and an adaptor}}. After recognition of pathogenic ligands, the sensor oli…
Published	10/21/2024	Caspase-1 activated by inflammasomes can also cleave gasdermin D that polymerizes in the plasma membrane, forming a pore that releases IL-1B, water, a…
Published	10/21/2024	Pyroptosis is accompanied by inflammation due to the release of {{c1::IL-1}} from dying cells.
Published	10/21/2024	Pyroptosis occurs in {{c1::macrophages and dentritic cells}}, but not neutrophils and most other cells
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Antigen presenting cells (APCs)}} recognize invaders by recognizing antigens and include cells like dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells.
Published	10/21/2024	B cells are cells of the adaptive immune response, but also act as antigen presenting cells (APCs), however, {{c1::dendritic}} cells are best at prese…
Published	10/21/2024	Lymphocytes, including {{c1::B and T}} cells, are major in the adaptive immune system. Cytokines and APCs inform B and T cells about infection.
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::T}} cells produce cytokines, kill infected cells, and activate B cells
Published	10/21/2024	The three types of T cells are {{c1::helper/CD4}}, {{c1::cytotoxic/killer/CD8}}, and {{c1::regulatory T cells (Tregs)}}
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Helper}} T cells express CD4, coordinate immune response, release cytokines, and activate B cells and phagocytes
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Cytotoxic}} T cells express CD8, receive signals from helper T cells, release proteins, kills pathogens, and release cytokines
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::B}} cells produce specific antibodies and opsonize pathogen
Published	10/21/2024	Antibodies produced by B cells are found in the blood, called {{c1::humoral}} immunity, which eliminate extracellular microbes
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Cell-mediated}} immunity is provided by CD4 T lymphocytes through cytokine production to recruit phagocytes to destroy intracellular microbes
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::CD8}} T lymphocytes kill infected cells
Published	10/21/2024	The innate and adaptive immune system work together through the use of {{c1::cytokines and antibodies}} secreted by macrophages and CD4 helper T cells…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Regulatory}} T cells stop immune response to reduce inflammation when the pathogen is cleared
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::B and T memory}} cells remember specific antigens to produce the same antibody upon subsequent infection by the same pathogen
Published	10/21/2024	The {{c1::innate response}} happens immediately and while the {{c1::adaptive immune response}} requires an activation period
Published	10/21/2024	What are the 3 complement pathways?
Published	10/21/2024	The {{c1::complement system}} is a set of heat lablie plasma proteins that act in a cascade to enhance microbial killing
Published	10/21/2024	Phagocytes, which include {{c1::neutrophils}} and {{c1::macrophages}}, ingest foreign particles
Published	10/21/2024	Macrophages secrete {{c1::cytokines}}, which are small proteins that {{c2::amplify the immune response}} and {{c2::recruit other cells to the site of …
Published	10/21/2024	The release of cytokines leads to {{c1::inflammation}}
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Chemokines}} are cytokines which act as a {{c2::chemoattractant}} to guide migration of cells during chemotaxis
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Interleukins}}, {{c1::interferons}}, and {{c1::tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha)}} are all examples of cytokines
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::B cells}} are cells of the adaptive immune response but can also act as {{c2::3D antigen presenting cells}}
Published	10/21/2024	T-cells function to {{c1::produce cytokines}}, {{c1::kill infected cells}}, and {{c1::activate B-cells}}
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Helper T cells}} express {{c2::CD4}} and release chemical messengers to activate other cells
Published	10/21/2024	{{c2::Humoral immunity}} eliminates {{c1::extracellular}} microbes whereas the {{c2::cell-mediated immunity}} destroys {{c1::intracellular}} microbes
Published	10/21/2024	This is a test {{c1::card}}
Published	10/21/2024	This is a test
New Card	10/21/2024	Test
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