Notes in Physics

To Subscribe, use this Key

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	11/14/2024	The total {{c1::distance::displacement/distance}} an object travels between an initial and final position depends on the path. In contrast, {{c1::disp…
Published	11/14/2024	The average {{c1::velocity::speed/veolocity}} is equal to the change of the object's position over a finite interval Δt. The average {{c1::speed::spe…
Published	11/14/2024	On a plot of position (vertical axis) versus time (horizontal axis), the slope over a segment with time interval Δt corresponds to the {{c1::average …
Published	11/14/2024	The instantaneous slope on a position versus time graph at each point corresponds to the {{c1::instantaneous velocity}} of the object at a particular…
Published	11/14/2024	The area under the curve of a velocity vs. time graph is equal to the {{c1::displacement}}.
Published	11/14/2024	Acceleration is defined as {{c1::the change in velocity Δv over an interval Δt}}. Consequently, acceleration has units of {{c1::length per time squa…
Published	11/14/2024	The slope of a velocity vs. time graph is equal to the {{c1::acceleration}}.
Published	11/14/2024	The area under the curve of an acceleration versus time plot is equal to {{c1::the change in velocity}}.
Published	11/14/2024	vf if vi, a, and t are known can be calculated with the equation: {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the equation for displacement given (known variables are vi, a, and vf2?  Δx = {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the equation for displacement given (known variables = vi, a, and t)? Δx = {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the equation for displacement using average velocity (known variables: vavg, t, vi, vf, t)? Δx ={{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	The acceleration of gravity is approximately {{c1::-10 m/s2}}
Published	11/14/2024	Newton's first law of motion states that an object at rest {{c1::remains at rest}} and an object in motion remains in motion with {{c1::constant…
Published	11/14/2024	According to Newton's second law of motion, when the net force acting on an object is not equal to zero, the object {{c1::changes velocity (ie, accel…
Published	11/14/2024	The relationship between net force, mass, and acceleration is represented by the equation:Fnet = {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	Newton's third law of motion describes the relationship between objects in terms of force pairs. Every interaction between two objects produces {{c1…
Published	11/14/2024	Two forces can only cancel if they act on {{c1::same::different/same}} object(s). Action and reaction force pairs act on {{c1::different::different/s…
Published	11/14/2024	The force that a fixed rope, chain, or string exerts on an object is called the {{c1::tension force FT}}, which only acts along the length of the rop…
Published	11/14/2024	What is the value of the FT,x and FT,y with respect to θ? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	The maximum magnitude of static friction Fs,max between two opposing surfaces is equal to the product of the normal force FN and the {{c1::coefficien…
Published	11/14/2024	An elastic force Fel is generated by a spring or other elastic object when {{c1::displaced from its equilibrium position, which is the natural positi…
Published	11/14/2024	The elastic constant, k, has units of {{c1::N/m}}.
Published	11/14/2024	The center of mass (CM) of a system is closer to objects of {{c1::greater::lesser/greater}} mass. The CM position is closer to areas of {{c1::greater:…
Published	11/14/2024	The magnitude of a torque 𝜏 depends on the magnitude of the applied force F, the lever arm distance r, and the sine of the angle 𝜃 between F and r. I…
Published	11/14/2024	For a fixed force F, the magnitude of torque can be increased by {{c1::increasing the lever arm distance or by varying 𝜃 toward 90°.}}.
Published	11/14/2024	When the sum of each force Fi and the sum of each torque 𝜏i acting on an object are equal to zero and the object is not moving (ie, linear velocity v…
Published	11/14/2024	If an object is moving while the net force and net torque are zero, the object is in a state of {{c1::dynamic equilibrium}}.
Published	11/14/2024	Mechanical work W refers to the energy transferred to or from an object when a force F is applied over a displacement d. The equation for it is:W = {…
Published	11/14/2024	When F and d are in the same direction (ie, θ = 0°), W is {{c1::positive}}When F and d are in opposite directions (θ = 180°), W is {{c1::negative}}. …
Published	11/14/2024	The SI unit for W is {{c1::the joule (J)}}
Published	11/14/2024	An object can possess energy based on gravitational forces acting on it, referred to as {{c1::potential energy PE}}, or based on its motion, referred…
Published	11/14/2024	If mass and velocity are known the kinetic energy, KE, of an object is equal to:KE = {{c1::see::equation and SI units}}
Published	11/14/2024	Negative W done on an object {{c1::decreases::decreases/increases}} its kinetic energy whereas positive W {{c1::increases::decreases/increases}} …
Published	11/14/2024	The equation for work, W, done by gravity on an object and how it relates to potential energy is given by: W = {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	The formula for the PE stored in an ideal spring is:PE = {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	{{c1::Conservative::Conservative/nonconservative}} forces like gravity and spring force are independent of the path taken. Work done by {{c1::nonconse…
Published	11/14/2024	Power, P, is defined as the transfer of energy E per unit time t. What are the SI units for P and what are three equations for it given E, W, F, …
Published	11/14/2024	Mechanical advantage is equal to the ratio of the output force Fo to the input force Fi. What is the mechanical advantage of a fixed pulley vs. a…
Published	11/14/2024	A system of only moveable pulleys or a combination of fixed and movable pulleys has an overall mechanical advantage equal to {{c1::the product of 2 a…
Published	11/14/2024	The mechanical advantage of a lever is equal to the ratio of {{c1::di and do:}}
Published	11/14/2024	the mechanical advantage for an inclined plane is equal to {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	The density, ρ, of a substance is given by the ratio: ρ = {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	1 L = {{c1::1,000::number}} cm3
Published	11/14/2024	density of water, ρwater = {{c1::1 kg/L or 1 g/cm3}}
Published	11/14/2024	A sample's specific gravity, SG, is determined as the ratio of {{c1::the density of the substance ρsub to the density of water (ρwater = 1 kg/L)}}:
Published	11/14/2024	The formula for pressure, P, and its SI units are:P = {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	The pressure experienced by any object within a two-object system is {{c1::directly::directly/inversely}} proportional to the magnitude of the force …
Published	11/14/2024	Hydrostatic pressure, P, is calculated by the formula: P = {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	At sea level, Patm is approximately equal to {{c1::101,000}} Pa.
Published	11/14/2024	A simple fluid barometer can measure Patm by {{c1::the Ph}}.
Published	11/14/2024	According to Pascal's law, an external pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is {{c1::uniformly transmitted to all surfaces}}.
Published	11/14/2024	Archimedes' principle states that buoyant force, FB, is equal to {{c1::the product of ρ, the volume V of the fluid displaced by the object, and g}}
Published	11/14/2024	When ρobject = ρ, the object {{c1::is suspended::floats/sinks/is suspended}} in the fluid
Published	11/14/2024	When an object floats on the surface of a fluid, FB = {{c1::Fg}}.
Published	11/14/2024	{{c1::Cohesive forces}} are attractive forces that exist between molecules of the same type and are often responsible for holding a liquid together. …
Published	11/14/2024	When adhesion overcomes surface tension, the liquid rises in the tube and its meniscus curves {{c1::upward (concave)::downard/upward}}. However, when…
Published	11/14/2024	An ideal fluid has:{{c1::Zero viscosity}}{{c1::Incompressible}}{{c1::Laminar flow}}
Published	11/14/2024	When the fluid is ideal, conservation of mass implies that the volumetric flow rate Q, which is equal to the product of {{c1::the conduit's cross-sec…
Published	11/14/2024	The potential energy of a given volume of fluid is equal to: {{c1::}}
Published	11/14/2024	The kinetic energy of a given volume of fluid is equal to: {{c1::}}
Published	11/14/2024	The Venturi effect describes that a decreased pressure is associated with {{c1::an increased::decreased/increased}} fluid velocity when the {{c1…
Published	11/14/2024	This resistance to a fluid's flow depends on its viscosity η. The SI unit for η is {{c1::the product of pascals and seconds, Pa·s}}.
Published	11/14/2024	The flow of a viscous fluid under laminar flow through a pipe follows Poiseuille's law: Q = {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	{{c1::Turbulent::Laminar/Turbulent}} flow can occur due to obstructions within the pipe or when the velocity of the fluid is so great that it overcom…
Published	11/14/2024	The pulse pressure PP is defined as the difference of {{c1::systolic pressure}}  and {{c1::diastolic pressure}}.
Published	11/14/2024	The equation for mean arterial pressure, MAP is: MAP = {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	The blood flow through the vasculature depends on the amount of blood pumped by the heart, known as the cardiac output CO given by the equation:…
Published	11/14/2024	A plot of the volume and pressure in the left ventricle over a single heartbeat is known as a {{c1::pressure-volume loop, or PV loop}}. The stroke vo…
Published	11/14/2024	Blood flow is typically laminar, but flow can become turbulent when it exceeds a critical velocity vc = {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	The SI unit of electric charge is {{c1::the coulomb (C)}}.
Published	11/14/2024	The charge magnitudes of one electron and one proton are equal. qe = {{c1::1.60× 10-19}} C
Published	11/14/2024	Coulomb's law states that the magnitude of the electrostatic force FE = {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	A negative sign of electrostatic force, FE indicates that the force between the particles is {{c1::attractive::attractive/repulsive}}.
Published	11/14/2024	The magnitude of an electric field is equal to: {{c1::see::ratio and SI units}}
Published	11/14/2024	When q is positive, the electric field (E) and electrostatic force (FE) act in the {{c1::same::opposite/same}} direction. When q is negative, they act…
Published	11/14/2024	Electric field lines always begin at {{c1::positive::+/-}} charges and end at {{c1::negative::+/-}} charges. A positive charge accelerates in the {{c1…
Published	11/14/2024	The spacing of Electric field lines illustrates the {{c1::relative strength of E}}.
Published	11/14/2024	Work done by the electrostatic force on a charge is given by the equation:W = {{c1::see}}.Voltage is the change in electric potential energy per unit …
Published	11/14/2024	A current, I, is defined as:I = {{c1::see::ratio and SI units}}
Published	11/14/2024	By convention, the direction of current is {{c1::identical::identical/opposite}} to the direction that positive charges move. The direction of electro…
Published	11/14/2024	{{c1::Conductivity σ}} is an intrinsic property that describes the ease with which charges flow through the molecular structure of a given material. …
Published	11/14/2024	The resistance, R of an object is defined as:R = {{c1::see::equation and units}}.
Published	11/14/2024	Label the positive battery terminal, negative battery terminal, and resistor. {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	Three formulas for power in an electric circuit, P, are:{{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	The electric energy per unit time supplied by a battery to move charge (known as the electromotive force ℰ , or emf) is not equal to the actua…
Published	11/14/2024	A battery with internal resistance can be represented with the formulaVterm = {{c1::see}}Given:
Published	11/14/2024	What type of circuit is this? {{c1::Series circuits position components in linear succession and form a single path while a fixed quantity of current…
Published	11/14/2024	What type of circuit is this? {{c1::Parallel circuits position components with multiple pathways through which current can flow. The branching and m…
Published	11/14/2024	Kirchhoff's junction rule states that {{c1::the total current Ienter entering a circuit junction must equal the total current Iexit exiting the …
Published	11/14/2024	Kirchhoff's loop rule states that {{c1::the sum of the voltage V across components around any closed loop in a circuit equals zero}}.
Published	11/14/2024	In a series circuit, the {{c1::current I}} is the same through all resistors, and {{c1::the sum of the voltage Vi across each resistor}} equals …
Published	11/14/2024	In a parallel circuit, the {{c1::sum of the currents in each branch Ii}} equals the total current I through the battery, and the {{c1::voltage a…
Published	11/14/2024	Total equivalent resistance Req for resistors connected in series is equal to {{c1::top::equation}}. For resistors connected in parallel, it is calcul…
Published	11/14/2024	To properly measure the current, an {{c1::ammeter}} must be placed in {{c1::series::series/parallel}} with a resistor.
Published	11/14/2024	To measure the voltage across a resistor, a {{c1::voltmeter}} should be placed in {{c1::parallel::series/parallel}} with a resistor.
Published	11/14/2024	An ammeter should have {{c1::low::low/high}} resistance to give an accurate reading of current.
Published	11/14/2024	A voltmeter should have {{c1::high::low/high}} resistance to give an accurate reading of voltage.
Published	11/14/2024	The capacitance C of a parallel plate capacitor depends on its physical characteristics and is equal to {{c1::see::equation and SI units}}.
Published	11/14/2024	What do the two parallel lines represent in this circuit diagram? {{c1::Parallel plates (capacitor)}}
Published	11/14/2024	The energy U stored in the capacitor is equal to {{c1::see::equation and SI units}}.
Published	11/14/2024	In a parallel plate capacitor, decreasing distance between the plates {{c1::increases::decreases/increases}} capacitance.
Published	11/14/2024	In a parallel plate capacitor, increasing plate area {{c1::decreases::decreases/increases}} electric field and {{c1::increases::decreases/increases}} …
Published	11/14/2024	Capacitors using a material with a larger κ have a {{c1::greater::lower/greater}} C, {{c1::lower::lower/greater}} V, and {{c1::lower::lower/greater}} …
Published	11/14/2024	Capacitance can be directly calculated from κ, d, A, and the permittivity of free space ε0 using the relationship: {{c1::see::equation and constant o…
Published	11/14/2024	Capacitors connected in parallel can be replaced with a single equivalent capacitance CEq by {{c1::summing the individual capacitor values}}.
Published	11/14/2024	Capacitors connected in series can be replaced with a single CEq using the equation: {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	Magnetic fields generated by magnetized objects or materials is a vector quantity, with units of {{c1::teslas (T)}} and represented in diagrams by {{…
Published	11/14/2024	The SI units representing the Tesla (T) are {{c1::newtons per ampere-meter (N/A·m)}}
Published	11/14/2024	The magnetic force that acts on {{c1::a charge moving within a magnetic field}} is called the Lorentz force. It is always perpendicular to both the di…
Published	11/14/2024	The equation for the Lorentz force as it relates to q, v, and B is: {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	When using the right-hand rule for determining direction of Lorentz force on a moving positive charge, the thumb represents {{c1::F}}, the i…
Published	11/14/2024	A charge moving in a magnetic field directed out of the page experiences a centripetal Lorentz force given by the equation: {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	To determine the direction of the magnetic field generated by a current in a wire, another variation of the right-hand rule can be useful. The thumb …
Published	11/14/2024	{{c1::Amplitude}} is measured from either the crest or trough to the equilibrium position. {{c1::Wavelength}} is the distance between consecutive iden…
Published	11/14/2024	The period T of an oscillation is defined as {{c1::the time it takes for one complete cycle}}.
Published	11/14/2024	The frequency (f) is defined as {{c1::the number of waves that pass a certain point in 1 s, or wavelengths per second}}.
Published	11/14/2024	The units of period (T) is {{c1::seconds}}, the units of frequency (f) is {{c1::Hz or s-1}}
Published	11/14/2024	A {{c1::transverse}} wave is produced when an oscillation displaces the components of the medium perpendicular to the direction that the wave travels…
Published	11/14/2024	A {{c1::longitudinal}} wave displaces the components of the medium parallel to the direction that the wave travels.
Published	11/14/2024	The speed v of a mechanical wave can be determined from {{c1::see::equation}}
Published	11/14/2024	When two or more waves occupy the same space in a medium (ie, overlap each other), they combine according to the principle of superposition such that…
Published	11/14/2024	{{c1::Constructive}} interference occurs when crests overlap crests (or troughs overlap troughs), and the resultant wave amplitude is increased.
Published	11/14/2024	{{c1::Destructive}} interference occurs when crests overlap troughs and the resultant wave amplitude is diminished.
Published	11/14/2024	Provide the phase difference and number of waves separated for the following: {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	Provide the phase difference and number of waves separated for the following: {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	Provide the phase difference and number of waves separated for the following: {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	The speed of sound is slowest in {{c1::gases::phase of matter}}, faster in {{c1::liquids::phase of matter}}, and fastest in {{c1::solids::phase of ma…
Published	11/14/2024	The speed of sound is {{c1::slower::slower/faster}} at lower air temperatures.
Published	11/14/2024	In water, the speed of sound equals 1,500 m/s and the frequency equals 500 Hz. In air, the speed of sound equals 340 m/s. What is the frequenc…
Published	11/14/2024	Sound waves lose energy (are attenuated) each time they pass between different media because {{c1::a portion of the sound energy is reflected, …
Published	11/14/2024	A sound wave with a higher amplitude has {{c1::greater::lesser/greater}} energy than a sound wave with a lower amplitude by a factor of {{c1::A2}}
Published	11/14/2024	The equation for intensity of a sound is: {{c1::see::equation and SI units}}.
Published	11/14/2024	Increasing the intensity of a sound by a factor of 10 is perceived as being {{c1::twice::2x/5x/10x}} as loud.
Published	11/14/2024	The loudness of a sound is measured on the decibel (dB) scale relative to the threshold of normal hearing I0, which is defined as {{c1::1 x 10-12}}&n…
Published	11/14/2024	The loudness of a sound with intensity I1 relative to I0 is calculated in dB with the equation: dB = {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	The loudness of I1 is {{c1::30}} dB when it is 1,000 times more intense than I0.
Published	11/14/2024	The intensity of a sound projected in all directions is inversely proportional to the {{c1::square of the distance from the sound's source}}.
Published	11/14/2024	The difference in loudness in dB between one sound I1 and another sound I2 is given by: {{c1::see::equation}}.
Published	11/14/2024	When a wave is restricted to a region with boundaries, such as a string (like a violin string) fixed at both ends, the incident and reflected waves c…
Published	11/14/2024	The fundamental harmonic (n = 1) of a string has one antinode and a wavelength λ1 equal to {{c1::twice the length L of the string}}.
Published	11/14/2024	The fundamental harmonic (n = 1) of a string has one antinode and a fundamental frequency, f1, that is equal to the ratio of {{c1::the wave speed v to…
Published	11/14/2024	The harmonic frequencies are {{c1::directly::directly/inversely}} proportional to the square root of the tension force and {{c1::inversely::directly/…
Published	11/14/2024	The wavelength λ1 of the fundamental harmonic for the following instruments are:String: 𝜆n = {{c1::2L/n = 2L}}Pipe open at one end: 𝜆n=…
Published	11/14/2024	The Doppler effect changes the observed frequency of a sound due to the motion of the source and/or the observer. The observer that has the sound mov…
Published	11/14/2024	What are the Doppler effect equations for frequency involving relative motion between the source and observer? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	Doppler ultrasound measures blood velocity from the frequency shift of reflected ultrasound waves. ∆𝑓 = {{c1::𝑓 - 𝑓s::finish equation}}If blood f…
Published	11/14/2024	The speed of light, c, is equal to {{c1::::constant and formula}}
Published	11/14/2024	Visible light has a wavelength range of {{c1::400 to 700}} nanometers (nm). The color red has the {{c1::longest::shortest/longest}} wavelength, and …
Published	11/14/2024	Rank these in order of increasing energy/frequency: Visible light, UV, X-rays, Gamma rays, Infrared, Radio, Microwaves. {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	The Planck-Einstein equation relates energy, E, to {{c1::wave frequency and Planck's constant (h = 6.62 × 10−34 m2·kg/s)}}.
Published	11/14/2024	For each electron, a discrete value of electric potential exists known as the {{c1::work function W}}, and the magnitude of energy absorbed through e…
Published	11/14/2024	The principal characteristic of reflection is that the angle of reflection (θ2 or θr) is always {{c1::equal to::less than/equal to/more than}} the an…
Published	11/14/2024	The amount of refraction is determined by each medium's refractive index n, which is the ratio of {{c1::the speed of light in a vacuum c to the speed…
Published	11/14/2024	Snell's law relates n1 and n2 to θ1 and θ2 with the formula: {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	When angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle, θc, {{c1::total internal}} reflection occurs. θc can be calculated with the form…
Published	11/14/2024	In dispersion, shorter wavelengths refract {{c1::more::less/more}} than longer wavelengths.
Published	11/14/2024	Circular polarization occurs when two wave forms with equal {{c1::amplitude}} and {{c1::perpendicular (ie, polarized along different axes)}} linear p…
Published	11/14/2024	Diffraction through a single slit produces a pattern of {{c1::dark and bright}} bands on a flat background surface distant to the slit. Bands occur …
Published	11/14/2024	In single-slit diffraction, {{c1::decreased::decreased/increased}} slit width or {{c1::increased::decreased/increased}} wavelength tends to widen…
Published	11/14/2024	In X-ray diffraction, {{c1::𝑚λ = see::complete equation}}
Published	11/14/2024	If a source of emitted light moves toward an observer, the wavelength appears {{c1::shorter::shorter/longer}} than the original wavelength (known as …
Published	11/14/2024	For a plane mirror, the image is the same size as the object. Furthermore, the distance to the image behind the mirror i is always {{c1::equal to::l…
Published	11/14/2024	When the curvature of a spherical mirror is small, it has the property that all incoming parallel light rays are reflected to {{c1::a single foc…
Published	11/14/2024	The edges of concave (or converging) mirrors are bent toward the observer and cause parallel light rays to converge at a focal point located {{c1::in…
Published	11/14/2024	With convex mirrors, parallel light rays spread out when reflected away from the mirror, but they can be traced back to a focal point, which is loca…
Published	11/14/2024	The distance of the focal point from the mirror (known as the focal length f) is {{c1::half the radius of curvature R of the spherical mirror surface…
Published	11/14/2024	For a concave mirror, f and R are {{c1::positive::negative/positive}} by convention.
Published	11/14/2024	{{c1::Real::Virtual/Real}} images are inverted (image appears upside down relative to the object).
Published	11/14/2024	{{c1::Parallel::Parallel/Focal}} ray: Starts from tip (height) of the object, parallel to the principal axis and then reflects through the focal poin…
Published	11/14/2024	The distance of the convergence point of the parallel and focal rays from the principal axis is the {{c1::height}} of the image.
Published	11/14/2024	When the object is outside the focal point of a concave mirror, a {{c1::real inverted::real/virtual}} image is formed and the image is {{c1::smaller:…
Published	11/14/2024	When the object is inside the focal point of a concave mirror, the reflected light rays produce a {{c1::virtual::real/virtual}} image that is {{c1::la…
Published	11/14/2024	Although the type of image formed by a concave mirror depends on the location of the object, convex mirrors always create {{c1::virtual::real/virtual…
Published	11/14/2024	A concave mirror causes rays to {{c1::converge::converge/diverge}}, but a concave lens causes rays to {{c1::diverge::converge/diverge}}.
Published	11/14/2024	A convex mirror causes light to {{c1::diverge::converge/diverge}}, but a convex lens causes light to {{c1::converge::converge/diverge}}.
Published	11/14/2024	In a {{c1::convex (or converging)}} lens, parallel rays of light passing through are refracted such that they bend toward each other, converging at a …
Published	11/14/2024	In a {{c1::concave (or diverging)}} lens, parallel rays of light passing through the lens are bent away from each other. The refracted light ray…
Published	11/14/2024	The equation for lens strength (or power) S, is: {{c1::see::equation and SI units}}
Published	11/14/2024	Object distance is {{c1::positive::negative/positive}} when the object is on the opposite side of the lens relative to the observer.
Published	11/14/2024	Image distance is {{c1::negative::negative/positive}} if the image forms on the opposite side of the lens as the observer
Published	11/14/2024	The equation for magnification of a lens is: {{c1::see::equation}}. Real images always have a {{c1::negative::negative/positive}} value for M.
Published	11/14/2024	For multiple lenses placed in sequence, the total magnification of the lens series is given by {{c1::see::formula}}.
Published	11/14/2024	For multiple lenses placed in sequence, the total lens strength of the lens series is given by {{c1::see::formula}}.
Published	11/14/2024	Chromatic aberration in lenses can be corrected by placing a {{c1::diverging lens with a different index of refraction}} directly in contact wit…
Published	11/14/2024	Spherical aberration occurs even when light of a single color/frequency passes through a lens. The spherical aberration in a converging lens can be …
Published	11/14/2024	The primary components of the eye are the cornea and lens, both of which form a {{c1::converging::converging/diverging}} lens that focuses incoming l…
Published	11/14/2024	For image formation in the eye, images must form exactly on the retina to appear clear and focused. Consequently, the image distance i should always …
Published	11/14/2024	To view closer objects, the ciliary muscles act to make the lens thicker, {{c1::increasing::decreasing/increasing}} S and {{c1::decreasing::decreasing…
Published	11/14/2024	Nearsightedness (myopia) is corrected using eyeglasses with a {{c1::diverging::converging/diverging}} lens, which creates a lens system with a reduce…
Published	11/14/2024	Farsightedness (hyperopia) can be corrected using eyeglasses with a {{c1::converging::converging/diverging}} lens, which creates a lens system with a…
Published	11/14/2024	Process functions describe the path taken by a system to transition from one equilibrium state to another. These transitions are due to a net flow o…
Published	11/14/2024	{{c1::Adiabatic}} processes occur when no heat is exchanged between the system and the environment.
Published	11/14/2024	In {{c1::isobaric}} processes, the pressure of the system remains constant.
Published	11/14/2024	In {{c1::isochoric (or isovolumetric)}} processes, the volume of the system does not change.
Published	11/14/2024	In {{c1::isothermal}} processes, the temperature of the system remains constant.
Published	11/14/2024	Normal body temperature is about {{c1::37}} °C. Absolute zero is {{c1::0}} Kelvins, or {{c1::-273}} °C.
Published	11/14/2024	In physics, when W is {{c1::positive::negative/positive}}, the system does net work on the surroundings and when W is {{c1::negative::negative/positiv…
Published	11/14/2024	Entropy, S, is equal to the product of the Boltzmann constant kB (1.38 × 10−23 J/K) and {{c1::the natural logarithm of the number of micros…
Published	11/14/2024	During heat transfer via {{c1::conduction}}, some of the atomic kinetic energy of the warmer object is transferred to the cooler object as their atom…
Status	Last Update	Fields