Notes in 02 Orbits

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe orbit is a cavity formed by 7 bones:1.) {{c1::Frontal}}2.) {{c5::Ethmoid}}3.) {{c6::Palatine}}4.) {{c2::Lacrimal…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe orbital {{c1::roof}} is part of the {{c2::anterior}} skull base
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe orbital floor is the roof of the {{c1::maxillary}} sinus
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckMedially, the orbit borders the {{c1::ethmoid air cells}} (across the lamina papyracea)
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckLaterally, the orbit borders the {{c1::temporal fossa}} (across the zygoma and greater wing of sphenoid)
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe orbital {{c1::apex}} is the region around the annulus of {{c4::Zinn (common tendinous ring)}} and three bony openings…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe {{c2::optic nerve::nerve}} and {{c1::ophthalmic artery::artery}} pass through the optic canal
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe following structures pass through the {{c1::superior orbital fissure}}: 1.) Cranial nerves {{c2::III, IV, V1 and…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe following structures pass through the {{c1::inferior orbital fissure}}:1.) {{c2::Zygomatic}} nerve (from CN V2)2.) {{…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckCN {{c2::III (oculomotor nerve)}} innervates the superior, medial and inferior {{c1::recti}}, and {{c3::in…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckCN {{c1::IV (trochlear nerve)}} innervates the {{c2::superior oblique}} muscle
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckCN {{c1::V1 (ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve)}} provides sensory innervation to the {{c2::upper}} …
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckCN {{c1::VI (abducens nerve)}} innervates the {{c2::lateral}} rectus muscle
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe superior ophthalmic vein drains into the {{c1::cavernous}} sinus
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe superior branch of the {{c2::inferior}} ophthalmic vein drains into the {{c3::superior ophthalmic…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe {{c1::zygomatic}} nerve (from CN V2) provides sensory innervation to the skin of the {{c2::lateral}} cheek and temple
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe {{c1::infraorbital}} nerve (from CN V2) provides sensory innervation to the skin of the {{c2::inferior}} eyelid, medi…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe {{c2::inferior::superior/inferior}} branch of the inferior ophthalmic vein drains into the {{c1::pterygoid venou…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe orbital {{c1::septum}} divides the {{c2::orbit}} from the periorbital soft tissues (preseptal space)
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe {{c1::orbital septum}} is thin fibrous tissue that extends from the periorbital periosteum of the…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe orbit is divided into four compartments:1.) {{c1::Extra}}conal2.) Conal3.) {{c1::Intra}}conal4.) {{c2::Ocular}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe extraconal, conal, and intraconal compartments of the orbit are collectively known as the {{c1::retrobulbar}} space
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe {{c1::extraconal}} compartment of the orbit contains the {{c2::lacrimal}} gland, neurovascular structures, and f…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckLesions of the bony orbit and extraorbital processes can enter the {{c1::extraconal}} space
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe {{c2::conal}} compartment of the orbit is formed by the {{c1::rectus}} muscles and interconnecting connective ti…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe {{c1::intraconal}} compartment of the orbit contains the {{c2::optic nerve-sheath}} complex, neurovascular structures…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe optic nerve-sheath complex contains the {{c2::optic}} nerve, surrounding {{c1::CSF::fluid}}, and meninges
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe {{c2::ocular}} component of the orbit is the {{c1::globe}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe {{c2::lacrimal}} apparatus is divided into a {{c1::secretory}} system and an {{c3::excretory}} system
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe {{c1::lacrimal}} gland is located in the {{c2::superotemporal::location}} angle of the orbit
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe lacrimal gland contains a {{c1::palpebral}} lobe and an {{c2::orbital}} lobe
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckTears drain via the lacrimal canaliculi into the lacrimal {{c1::sac}}, which empties via the {{c2::nasolacrimal}} duct in…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckExtraocular muscles that move the eye:1.) Superior {{c1::rectus}}2.) Inferior {{c1::rectus}}3.) Medial {{c1::rectus}}4.) …
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe extraocular rectus muscles arise from the {{c1::annulus of Zinn}} (common tendinous ring)
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe levator palpebrae superioris muscle is innervated by the {{c1::oculomotor nerve (CN III)::cranial nerve}}, and functi…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe {{c2::superior tarsal}} muscle is also called Müller's muscle and is innervated by {{c1::sympathetics}…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe three layers of the ocular globe are the:1.) {{c1::Sclera}} (fibrous layer)2.) {{c2::Uvea}} (vascular layer)3.) …
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe sclera is continuous anteriorly with the {{c1::cornea}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe {{c1::uvea}} (vascular layer of the globe) is composed of the {{c2::choroid}}, ciliary body and iris
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe {{c1::retina}} forms the inner neural surface of the globe, extending from the optic {{c2::disc}} posteriorly to…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe {{c1::lens}} separates the anterior/posterior segments of the globe
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe {{c1::iris}} separates the anterior and posterior {{c2::chambers}} of the anterior segment, which communicate vi…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe anterior segment of the globe is filled with {{c1::aqeuous}} humor; the posterior segment is filled with {{c2::vitreo…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe optic nerve is part of the {{c1::CNS::CNS/PNS}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe optic nerve (CN II) is myelinated by {{c1::oligodendroglia}} and surrounded by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid …
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe optic nerve is divided into 4 segments:1.) {{c1::intraocular}} (optic disc/papilla/nerve head)2.) {{c3::intraorbital}…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe two optic nerves converge at the optic {{c2::chiasm}} in the {{c1::suprasellar}} cistern
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & Neck{{c2::Orbital infection}} is generally due to direct spread of infection from the {{c3::paranasal sinuses}}, pa…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & Neck{{c1::Preseptal (periorbital)}} cellulitis involves the anterior soft tissues of the eyelids, superficial to the orb…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & Neck{{c2::Preseptal (periorbital)}} cellulitis presents with subcutaneous fat stranding, swelling of the eyelids/face, and {{…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & Neck{{c2::Orbital (postseptal)}} cellulitis involves muscles and fat deep to the orbital {{c1::septum}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & Neck{{c2::Postseptal}} cellulitis is serious due to spread via the valveless {{c1::ophthalmic}} veins
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckImaging of {{c1::orbital (postseptal)}} cellulitis demonstrates orbital fat stranding, {{c3::extraocular}} muscle edema, …
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & Neck{{c2::Subperiosteal}} abscess involves the bony orbit under its {{c3::periosteum}}; may arise in association with {{c1::o…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & Neck{{c1::Orbital abscess}} is an abscess located within the soft tissues of the orbit due to consolidation of orbital cellul…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe {{c1::cavernous}} sinus is the most common site of septic dural venous sinus thrombosis
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe clinical presentation of cavernous sinus thrombosis includes headache, fever, proptosis, {{c2::chemosis::eye finding}…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & Neck{{c1::Cavernous sinus thrombosis}} demonstrates convex bulging of the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus and {{c2::filli…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & Neck{{c1::Endophthalmitis}} is an infection within the globe involving the vitreous and/or aqueous humors, most commonly due …
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckImaging of {{c1::endophthalmitis}} demonstrates thickening and enhancement of the {{c2::ocular}} wall, {{c3::periocular}}…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckEndophthalmitis with extensive involvement of the ocular wall and periocular orbital tissues is termed {{c1::panophthalmi…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & Neck{{c1::Dacryoadenitis}} refers to {{c2::lacrimal}} gland inflammation
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckDacryoadenitis can be due to viral or bacterial infections, {{c2::IgG4 related}} disease, {{c3::granulomatous}} disease, …
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & Neck{{c3::Dacryoadenitis}} appears as {{c1::diffuse}} lacrimal gland enlargement molding to orbital structures or displa…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckYellow arrows: {{c1::Rim-enhnacing cystic structure in left lacrimal fossa}}Red arrow: {{c1::Nasolacrimal duct}}Diagnosis…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & Neck{{c1::Dacryocystitis}} is lacrimal sac inflammation secondary to {{c2::nasolacrimal duct}} obstruction and subsequen…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & Neck{{c2::Dacryocystitis}} is usually secondary to congenital {{c1::nasolacrimal duct}} obstruction in infants
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckIdiopathic orbital inflammation refers to an orbital {{c1::mass}} or structure enlargement related to nonspecific inflamm…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & Neck{{c2::Idiopathic orbital inflammation}} is the most common cause of a {{c1::painful}} orbital mass in adults
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckLymphoma and thyroid eye disease are typically {{c1::painless::painful or painless}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckIdiopathic orbital inflammation is typically {{c1::unilateral::unilateral/bilateral}} and {{c2::acute/subacute::acut…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckIdiopathic orbital inflammation (orbital pseudotumor) can be divided into 3 main anatomic subtypes:1.) {{c1::Dacryoa…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckIdiopathic orbital inflammation (orbital pseudotumor) can be divided into 2 less common subtypes:1.) Optic {{c3::per…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckIn the head and neck, IgG4-related disease most frequently involves the {{c1::orbit}}, and in particular, the {{c2::lacri…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckIgG4-related ophthalmic disease will characteristically involve the {{c1::infraorbital}} nerve
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckIgG4-related chronic sclerosing dacryoadenitis and sialadenitis ({{c1::Mikulicz}} syndrome) is a combination of lacrimal …
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckGranulomatous inflammation of the orbit appears radiologically similar to other inflammation, but may be associated …
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & Neck{{c2::Sarcoidosis}} of the extraocular orbit most commonly involves the {{c1::lacrimal}} gland
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckSarcoidosis of the extraocular orbit less commonly involves the optic nerve sheath, {{c1::extraocular}} muscles, or …
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & Neck{{c2::Granulomatosis with polyangiitis}} involving the orbit most commonly presents as an infiltrative {{c1::mass}} …
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckGranulomatosis with polyangiitis involving the orbit less commonly presents as {{c1::dacryoadenitis::lacrimal g…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThyroid-associated orbitopathy is also known as {{c1::Graves}} ophthalmopathy/orbitopathy or {{c2::thyroid eye}} disease
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe pathogenesis of thyroid-associated orbitopathy is inflammation of orbital muscles and fat, overproduction of {{c2::gl…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThyroid-associated orbitopathy is the most common cause of {{c1::proptosis}} and extraocular muscle enlargement
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckImaging of {{c2::thyroid-associated orbitopathy}} demonstrates proptosis with orbital fat expansion, fat stranding, …
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThyroid-associated orbitopathy is usually {{c1::bilateral::unilateral or bilateral}} and spares the muscle {{c2::tendons}…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThyroid-associated orbitopathy presents with an enlarged muscle belly but narrow {{c2::anterior tendon}}, known as the {{…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckTo remember the order of extraocular muscle involvement in thyroid-associated orbitopathy, use the mnemonic "I'M SLOw":1.…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckIsolated lateral rectus involvement, anterior tendon enlargement, and unilateral findings are all not suggestive of {{c1:…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThyroid-assocated orbitopathy may result in severe extraocular muscle enlargement that crowds the orbital {{c1::apex…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & Neck{{c1::Optic neuritis}} refers to inflammation of the {{c2::optic nerve}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckYellow arrows (right): {{c1::numerous foci of T2 prolongation within periventricular white matter}}Yellow arrow (lef…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckCauses of optic neuritis include:1.) {{c1::MS (most common)}}2.) {{c3::AQP4+}} NMOSD ({{c3::aquaporin-4}} antibody-positi…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & Neck{{c1::Optic neuritis}} typically presents in young adults with acute, painful, {{c2::central::central or peripheral}} vis…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckIschemic optic neuropathy is more common in {{c1::older::younger or older}} patients
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & Neck{{c1::Acute::acute or chronic}} optic neuritis demonstrates optic nerve enlargement, T2 {{c2::prolongation}}, and co…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & Neck{{c1::Chronic::acute or chronic}} optic neuritis demonstrates optic nerve atrophy
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckOptic neuritis with concurrent brain white matter lesions supports the diagnosis of {{c1::MS}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckYellow arrows: {{c1::ill-defined, slightly hyperattenuating mass in left superior-lateral orbit}}Diagnosis: {{c1::Orbital…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & Neck{{c1::Lymphoma}} is the most common primary orbital tumor in {{c2::older}} adults
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe most common histology of orbital lymphoma is {{c1::MALT}} lymphoma
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckOrbital lymphomas are most commonly {{c2::extraconal::extraconal/conal/intraconal}} and will usually involve the {{c1::la…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & Neck{{c2::Plexiform neurofibromas}} are classically associated with {{c1::NF1::congenital ectodermal condition}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & Neck{{c2::Orbital plexiform neurofibromas}} are infiltrative masses typically involving {{c1::trigeminal}} nerve br…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckOrbital plexiform neurofibromas appear as infiltrative, serpentine masses with {{c1::variable}} contrast enhancement…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckOrbital plexiform neurofibromas associated with NF1 may demonstrate sphenoid wing {{c1::dysplasia}}, {{c2::buph…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckOrbital {{c2::venolymphatic malformations (VLM)}} are slow-flow vascular malformations that present in {{c1::ch…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckOrbital venolymphatic malformations (VLM) most commonly involve the {{c1::extraconal}} compartment, but may be …
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckOrbital venolymphatic malformations (VLM) present on imaging as a multilocular {{c2::cystic}} mass with co…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckOrbital metastases arrive hematogenously and will typically infiltrate {{c1::all::one or all}} compartment(s)
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckIn {{c2::adults}}, the primary tumor of orbital metastases is typically a {{c1::carcinoma}}, most commonly {{c1::bre…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckIn {{c2::young children}}, the primary tumor of orbital metastases is typically a {{c1::neurobla…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckMetastatic disease from {{c1::scirrhous}} breast cancer characteristically causes {{c2::enophthalmos}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckCharacteristic features of orbital neuroblastoma metastases include an {{c1::extra}}conal mass with permeative …
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckBone metastases of neuroblastoma are best diagnosed with {{c1::Iodine-123 MIBG}} scintigraphy
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckDermoid cysts are congenital ectodermal inclusion cysts made of {{c1::keratinous}} and {{c2::sebaceous}} debris
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckYellow arrows: {{c1::ill-defined soft tissue mass in left orbit with loss of normal definition of optic nerve-sheath…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckDermoids cysts of the extracranial head and neck are most commonly found in the {{c1::orbit (extraconal mass)}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckOrbital dermoids cysts typically occur near {{c2::suture lines}}, in particular the superolateral quadrant at the {{c1::z…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckOrbital dermoids cysts appear on imaging as a circumscribed, unilocular cyst with {{c1::thin::thin or thick}} rim enhnace…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & Neck{{c1::Rhabdomyosarcoma}} is the most common extraocular orbital malignancy in {{c2::children}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckOrbital rhabdomyosarcoma are typically the {{c2::embryonal}} subtype, arising from {{c1::superior}} orbital sof…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckOrbital rhabdomyosarcoma typically present as an {{c1::extra}}conal, solitary, circumscribed, {{c2::enhancing::…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckOrbital rhabdomyosarcoma with bone invasion and extraorbital extension classifies the tumor as {{c1::paramening…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckYellow arrows: {{c1::Well-circumscribed, intraconal ovoid mass with inhomogeneous, patchy enhancement}}Diagnosis: {{c1::C…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & Neck{{c1::Infantile hemangiomas}} are the most common neoplasms of the head and neck, including orbits, in {{c2::infants…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe typical course of {{c1::Infantile hemangiomas}} is clinical presentation weeks after birth, followed by proliferation…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckInfantile hemangiomas have characteristic {{c3::capillary}}-like vascular spaces lined with {{c2::GLUT1}}-expressing…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckInfantile hemangiomas can be superficial (cutaneous/"{{c1::strawberry hemangioma}}"), deep (subcutaneous), or combin…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckInfantile hemangiomas are characterized by lobulated, intensely enhancing masses with internal {{c1::septations}} an…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckOrbital infantile hemangiomas are typically {{c1::extra}}conal, usually centered in the {{c2::anterior}} orbit or eyelid
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckTwo types of benign orbital peripheral nerve sheath tumors are:1.) {{c1::Schwannoma}} (more common)2.) Localized {{c2::ne…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckOrbital peripheral nerve sheath tumors most commonly affect extraconal {{c2::sensory::motor or sensory}} branches of CN {…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckOrbital peripheral nerve sheath tumors are typically solitary, contrast-enhancing, circumscribed ovoid masses that a…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe most common {{c1::lacriamal}} gland neoplasm is lymphoma
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckLacrimal gland lymphoma will present as {{c1::diffuse}} gland enlargement that molds to orbital structures
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckMost common lacrimal epithelial neoplasm:{{c1::Pleomorphic adenoma (benign mixed tumor)}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckMost common lacrimal epithelial malignancy:{{c1::Adenoid cystic carcinoma}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckEpithelial lacrimal gland tumors are invariably {{c1::unilateral::unilateral or bilateral}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckEpithelial lacrimal gland tumors may indent the globe, distort {{c1::extraocular}} muscles, or destroy {{c2::orbital…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckYellow arrows: {{c2::T2 hyperintense enlargement of distal right optic nerve}}Diagnosis: {{c1::Optic pathway gl…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & Neck{{c2::Optic pathway gliomas}} are the most common optic nerve tumors and typically occur in {{c1::children::age group}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe most common CNS tumor in a patient with {{c2::NF1}} is an {{c1::optic pathway glioma (usually bilateral)}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckOptic pathway gliomas are typically {{c1::pilocytic astrocytomas::histology finding}}, which carry an {{c2::excellent::go…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckLow-grade optic gliomas appear as {{c1::fusiform}} enlargement of the optic nerve with {{c2::variable}} contrast enhancem…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & Neck{{c2::Meningiomas}} are the most common tumors arising from the {{c1::optic nerve sheath::intraconal location}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckYellow arrows: {{c1::Post-contrast fat-sat T1 with marked enhancement surrounding the left optic nerve with tram-track ap…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckOptic nerve sheath meningiomas typically occur in {{c1::adult females::demographic}}, and rarely in children with {{c2::N…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe clinical presentation of an optic nerve sheath meningioma is gradual vision impairment that spares the {{c1::cen…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckOptic nerve sheath meningiomas typically demonstrate circumferential thickening of the nerve sheath, {{c1::calcifica…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckOptic nerve sheath meningiomas produce a {{c1::tram-track}} sign on axial images, and a {{c2::doughtnut sign}} …
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & Neck{{c1::Cavernous venous malformations}} are {{c2::encapsulated}} slow-flow vascular malformations; they are the most commo…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckOrbital venous malformations are usually located in the {{c1::intraconal::extraconal/conal/intraconal}} compartment of th…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckMRI of an {{c1::orbital venous malformation}} demonstrates a well-defined orbital mass, {{c2::iso}}intense on T1, {{…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckOrbital venous varices typically arise as a {{c2::congenital malformation}}, but may be secondary to {{c1::AVM}} or fistu…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckOrbital {{c1::venous varices}} are distended {{c2::veins}} freely connected to the normal circulation
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & Neck{{c1::Orbital venous varices}} are the most common cause of spontaneous orbital {{c2::hemorrhage}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe typical clinical presentation of an orbital {{c1::venous varix}} is positional or stress {{c2::proptosis}},…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckDoppler ultrasound of an orbital venous varix will demonstrate {{c2::slow}} flow
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckOrbital venous varices appear as ovoid or tubular structures with {{c1::intense}} enhancement
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckOrbital venous varices are typically found in the {{c1::intraconal::extraconal/conal/intraconal}} compartm…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe most common intraocular malignancy is a {{c1::metastases}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckDue to its vascularity, the {{c1::uvea}} (usually the {{c2::choroid}}) is the most common ocular site for hematogenous de…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe most common primary tumors that produce intraocular metastases are {{c1::carcinomas}}, such as {{c2::breast}} and {{c…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckImaging of {{c2::ocular metastases}} reveals irregular, enhancing masses broadly based on the {{c1::choroid}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe most common primary intraocular malignancy in {{c2::adults}} is {{c1::uveal melanoma}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckUveal melanoma presents on the {{c1::choroid}} or {{c3::ciliary body}}, usually discovered incidentally on {{c2::fun…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckUveal {{c2::melanoma}} most commonly metastasizes to the {{c1::liver}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckUveal melanoma demonstrates a {{c1::mushroom}}-shaped or biconvex mass showing intrinsic T1 {{c2::hyper}}intensity a…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe most common primary intraocular malignancy in {{c1::children}} is {{c2::retinoblastoma}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckRetinoblastoma presents clinically as {{c1::leukocoria}} (white pupillary reflex)
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckUnilateral retinoblastoma is usually sporadic, due to somatic mutations in the {{c2::tumor supressor}} gene {{c1::Rb…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & Neck{{c1::Bilateral}} retinoblastoma is usually inherited, due to {{c2::germline}} mutations in the tumor supr…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & Neck{{c1::Trilateral}} retinoblastoma is the association of bilateral retinoblastoma with {{c2::pineoblastoma}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & Neck{{c1::Quadrilateral}} retinoblastoma is the association of trilateral retinoblastoma with a {{c2::suprasellar e…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckRetinoblastoma radiologically presents as an enhancing retinal mass with {{c1::calcifications}} and {{c2::normal}} globe …
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckYellow arrow: {{c1::Coarse retinal calcification, normal sized orbit}}Diagnosis: {{c1::Retinoblastoma}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckHeritable retinoblastoma patients previously treated with radiation have a greater risk of second malignancy, most c…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & Neck{{c3::Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)}} is retinal neovascularity in preterm infants incited by {{c1::hypoxia}} and {{c2…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckRetinopathy of prematurity (ROP) complications include retinal/vitreous {{c1::hemorrhage}} and {{c2::detachment}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckRetinopathy of prematurity (ROP) on imaging demonstrates bilateral {{c1::microphthalmia}} with {{c2::increased}} att…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckYellow arrow: {{c1::High attenuation material (representing prior vitreous hemorrhage) }}Red arrows: {{c1::Scattered…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & Neck{{c1::Coats disease}} is an idiopathic disorder characterized by retinal {{c3::telangiectasis}} and {{c4::exudates}} that…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckCoats disease primarily affects {{c1::boys::boys or girls}}, slightly {{c2::older}} than those affected by reti…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckIn coats disease, the globe is usually {{c1::normal}} in size but contains proteinaceous subretinal fluid with {{c2:…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & Neck{{c1::Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV)}} is persistent embryonic vasculature within the vitreous that lead…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckPersistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) usually affects {{c1::full::pre/full}}-term infants
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckPersistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) demonstrates {{c1::unilateral}} microphthalmia with {{c2::increased}…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckThe characteristic feature of persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) is the {{c1::martini glass}} sign…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckYellow arrows (both images): {{c1::triangular retrolental soft tissue with linear stalk representing hyaloid remnant of C…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckFinding: {{c1::Large right posterior globe outpouching}}Diagnosis: {{c1::Coloboma}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & Neck{{c1::Colobomas}} are focal congenital defects cause by incomplete {{c2::fusion}} of the embryonic choroidal {{c3::fissur…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckColobomas are associated with trisomy 13 ({{c1::Patau}} syndrome), trisomy 18 (Edwards' syndrome), and {{c2::CHARGE}…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckPosterior {{c1::colobomas}} appear as a focal bulge elongating the {{c2::globe}} near the optic disc
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckColobomas are often associated with microphthalmia and a {{c1::retrobulbar}} cyst
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckSepto-optic dysplasia is part of the {{c1::holoprosencephaly}} spectrum of malformations, characterized by optic nerve {{…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckSepto-optic dysplasia may present with an {{c1::ectopic}} {{c2::posterior}} pituitary
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckImaging of septo-optic dysplasia demonstrates {{c1::small}} bilateral optic nerves and chiasm, and absent {{c2::sept…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & NeckSepto-optic dysplasia {{c1::plus}} is associated with polymicrogyria and/or {{c2::schizencephaly}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging: Head & Neck{{c1::Schizencephaly}} is a full-thickness cleft in the cerebral hemisphere that creates a communication between the {{c2…
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