Notes in 19Urinary Practicals

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Published	07/30/2024	777e21e3a4e9459c92b67c93afefef47-ao-1
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Published	07/30/2024	Enumerate the coverings of the kidney from deep to superficial. {{c1::fibrous capsule -> perirenal/perinephric fat -> renal fascia -> pa…
Published	07/30/2024	The anterior and posterior renal fascia fuse laterally with the {{c1::transversalis fascia}}.
Published	07/30/2024	The anterior and posterior renal fascia fuse superiorly with the {{c1::fascia covering the diaphragm}}.
Published	07/30/2024	At the hilum, the anterior renal fascia fuses with the {{c1::connective tissue associated with the aorta and IVC}} or crosses the midline and fus…
Published	07/30/2024	Posteromedial to the kidney, the posterior renal fascia fuses with the {{c1::fascia covering the psoas major}}.
Published	07/30/2024	The kidneys extend from {{c1::T11/12->L3::vertebral levels}}.
Published	07/30/2024	The left kidney is {{c1::higher::compare height}} than the right kidney.
Published	07/30/2024	anterior coverings of the inferior pole of the right kidney:1. medial: {{c1::intraperitoneal small intestine}}2. lateral: {{c2::right colic …
Published	07/30/2024	anterior coverings of the inferior pole of the left kidney:1. medial: {{c1::jejunum}}2. lateral: {{c2::left colic flexure}}, {{c2::descending colon}}
Published	07/30/2024	anterior coverings of the middle pole of the left kidney: {{c1::pancreas}}
Published	07/30/2024	structures related to the inferoposterior pole of the kidney:1. {{c1::psoas major}}2. {{c2::quadratus lumborum}}3. {{c3::transversus abdomin…
Published	07/30/2024	structures related to the superoposterior pole of the kidney:1. {{c1::diaphragm}}
Published	07/30/2024	structures that pass posteriorly to the kidneys:1. {{c1::costodiaphragmatic recess}}2. {{c1::subcostal vessels and nerves}}3. {{c1::iliohypo…
Published	07/30/2024	Trace the pathway of urine starting from the renal papilla.{{c1::renal papilla -> minor calyx -> major calyx -> renal pelvis -> ureter}}
Published	07/30/2024	The main blood supply of the kidneys are the {{c1::renal arteries}} which originate from the {{c2::abdominal aorta}}.
Published	07/30/2024	The renal arteries arise below the {{c1::superior mesenteric artery::artery}} between {{c2::L1 and L2::vertebral level}}.
Published	07/30/2024	The left renal artery is {{c1::higher::compare height}} than the right renal artery.
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::accessory renal arteries}} may also supply the kidneys and they arise from the {{c2::lateral aspect of the abdominal aorta}}.
Published	07/30/2024	route of accessory renal arteries to the kidney:1. {{c1::enter through the hilum}}2. {{c1::enter the kidney directly as extrahilar arteries}}
Published	07/30/2024	The left renal artery is {{c1::shorter::compare length}} than the right renal artery.
Published	07/30/2024	The left renal vein is {{c1::longer::compare length}} than the right renal vein.
Published	07/30/2024	Trace the pathway of blood to and from the kidneys starting from the renal artery.{{c1::renal artery anterior/posterior branches segmental a…
Published	07/30/2024	The kidneys are innervated by the {{c1::renal plexus}} which is supplied by sympathetic fibers coming from {{c2::T12 and L1::nerve roots}} a…
Published	07/30/2024	The ureters start at the level of {{c1::L2::vertebral level}}.
Published	07/30/2024	3 constrictions of the ureters:1. {{c1::ureteropelvic junction}}2. {{c1::sacroiliac joint/where the ureters cross the common iliac arteries}}3. {{c1::…
Published	07/30/2024	Among the three constrictions of the ureters, kidney stones are most commonly found at the most {{c1::distal}}.
Published	07/30/2024	blood supply of the ureters:1. upper: {{c1::renal artery}}2. middle: {{c2::abdominal aorta, testicular/ovarian artery, common iliac artery}}…
Published	07/30/2024	venous drainage of the ureters:1. upper: {{c1::renal vein}}2. middle: {{c2::inferior vena cava, testicular/ovarian vein, common iliac vein}}…
Published	07/30/2024	The ureters are innervated by the:1. {{c1::renal plexus}}2. {{c1::aortic plexus}}3. {{c1::superior hypogastric plexus}}4. {{c1::inferior hypogastric p…
Published	07/30/2024	Visceral afferent fibers that innervate the ureters originate from nerve roots {{c1::T11-L2}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Pain secondary to ureteral distention would manifest in the:1. {{c1::posterior abominal wall}}2. {{c2::lateral abdominal wall}}3. {{c1::pubi…
Published	07/30/2024	lymphatic drainage of the ureters: 1. upper: {{c1::lateral aortic nodes}}2. middle: {{c2::common iliac and lymph nodes}}3. inferior:&nb…
Published	07/30/2024	In males, the {{c1::puboprostatic ligament}} fixes the bladder neck to the posteroinferior aspect of the pubic bone.
Published	07/30/2024	In females, the {{c1::pubovesical ligament}} fixes the bladder neck to the posteroinferior aspect of the pubic bone.
Published	07/30/2024	The urinary bladder is supplied by the {{c1::superior and inferior vesical arteries::arterial supply}} which originate from the {{c2::internal il…
Published	07/30/2024	The urinary bladder is drained by the {{c1::vesical venous plexus}} which drains into the {{c2::internal iliac vein}}.
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::pudendal nerve}} innervates the {{c2::external urethral sphincter}} to provide bladder control.
Published	07/30/2024	The bladder is mainly innervated by the {{c1::hypogastric plexus::nerve plexus}}.
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::hypogastric nerve}} provides {{c2::sympathetic}} control of the bladder and it originates from nerve roots {{c3::T12-L2}}.
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::pelvic nerve}} provides {{c2::parasympathetic}} control of the bladder and it originates from nerve roots {{c3::S2-S4}}.
Published	07/30/2024	epithelial lining of the urethra:1. proximal: {{c1::transitional epithelium}}2. middle: {{c2::stratified and pseudostratified columnar epith…
Published	07/30/2024	The internal urethral sphincter is located in the {{c1::pre-prostatic urethra::part of urethra}}.
Published	07/30/2024	The external urethral sphincter is located in the {{c1::membranous urethra::part of urethra}}.
Published	07/30/2024	The membranous urethra passes throuh the {{c1::deep perineal pouch}}.
Published	07/30/2024	The  {{c1::spongy urethra::part of urethra}} is surrounded by the {{c2::corpus spongiosum::penile erectile body}}.
Published	07/30/2024	The two enlargements of the spongy urethra are at the:1. {{c1::base/bulb of the penis}}2. {{c1::end of the penis}}
Published	07/30/2024	The enlargement of the spongy urethra at the end of the penis is known as the {{c1::navicular fossa}}.
Published	07/30/2024	In males, the bulbourethral glands drain into the {{c1::spongy urethra in the bulb of the penis}}.
Published	07/30/2024	anterior coverings of the superior pole of the right kidney:1. {{c1::right suprarenal gland}}2. {{c1::liver}}3. medial: {{c1::descending part of duode…
Published	07/30/2024	anterior coverings of the superior pole of the left kidney:1. {{c1::left suprarenal gland}}2. {{c1::spleen}}3.{{c1::stomach}}
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