Notes in Cardiology

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	02/27/2025	What are the BNP and NT-proBNP diagnostic cut off values for Heart failure?
Published	02/28/2025	What is the stepwise approach for anti-anginals?
Published	02/28/2025	What are the indications for PCI in stable angina?
Published	02/28/2025	What are the indications for CABG > PCI?
Published	02/28/2025	How does aspirin work?
Published	02/28/2025	What are the P2Y12 inhibitors and their features?
Published	02/28/2025	What is the difference between Ticagrelor and Pasugrel/Clopidogrel?
Published	02/28/2025	What is Tirofiban and how does it work?
Published	02/28/2025	What is the usual duration of triple therapy?
Published	02/28/2025	What are the contraindications to thrombolysis?
Published	02/28/2025	WHat is the LDL target in secondary prevention
Published	02/28/2025	Generally, what is the approach for lipid-modifying therapy?
Published	02/28/2025	How do Statins work and what are their side effects?
Published	02/28/2025	How does Ezetimibe work?
Published	02/28/2025	How does Fenofibrate work?
Published	02/28/2025	How do PCSK9 inhibitors work?
Published	02/28/2025	What is Heterozygeous familial hypercholesterolaemia?
Published	02/28/2025	What is familial combined hyperlipidaemia?
Published	02/28/2025	What are the causes of high Triglycerides?
Published	02/28/2025	What is the action potential of a cardiac muscle cell?
Published	02/28/2025	What are the class 1 anti-arrhythmics?
Published	02/28/2025	What are class 2 anti-arrhythmics?
Published	02/28/2025	What are the class 3 antiarrhythmics?
Published	02/28/2025	What are class IV antiarrhythmics?
Published	02/28/2025	Where do the atrial tachycarrhythmias begin?
Published	02/28/2025	How do you differentiate VT vs SVT with aberrancy?
Published	03/04/2025	What are the important treatment considerations for someone presenting with this ECG?
Published	03/04/2025	In young people, what is the maximal heart rate?
Published	03/04/2025	A patient has cardiac resynchronisation therapy planned. Which of the following investigations will give the best prediction of whether a symptomatic …
Published	03/04/2025	Typical atrial flutter is caused by which mechanism?a.Increased automaticity of atrial cellsb.Macro-reentry circuit in the atriac.Micro-reentry circui…
Published	03/04/2025	Which of the following interventions has not been shown to reduce the burden of symptomatic atrial fibrillation?a.Exerciseb.Weight loss >10%c.Cathe…
Published	03/04/2025	What is the MOA and indications of flecanide?
Published	03/04/2025	What IV antiarrhythmics is contraindicated for acute management of VT?A) Lignocaine B) Verapamil C) Procainamide D) Amiodarone E) …
New Card	04/07/2025	A 65 - year old accountant undergoes an abdominal US due to mildly abnromal LFTs. The US reveals a few mobile gallstones and a 5cm abdominal aortic an…
Published	04/15/2025	A 15 yo female has been with gene found to carry the same gene positive for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy after familial screening after her father died…
Published	04/15/2025	A 35yo woman with diagnosed hypertrophic cardiomyopathy sees you for pre-pregnancy counselling. Her husband is healthy and has no medical history. She…
Published	04/15/2025	A 31yo married man survives a cardiac arrest and is diagnosed with HCM after having ECG, echocardiogram and CMRI supporting the diagnosis. You decide …
Published	04/15/2025	A 74yo woman with presents with NYHA III dyspnoea F.I. She has a past history of poorly controlled hypertension, CKD, and osteoporosis. Her examinatio…
Published	04/15/2025	A 45yo man with presents with NYHA III dyspnoea F.I. He has a past history of poorly controlled HT and moderate-severe CKD. His examination shows BP 1…
Published	04/15/2025	How do you treat and diagnose Anderon Fabry Disease?
Published	04/15/2025	A 62yo woman with diagnosed AL amyloidosis with cardiac involvement (confirmed on biopsy) presents with dyspnoea. She otherwise has the past history o…
Published	04/15/2025	The mechanism of action of Tafamidis in ATTR-Amyloidosis is: a. Binds to transthyretin, preventing tetramer dissociation into monomers b. Binds to dep…
Published	04/15/2025	What is amyloidosis?
Published	04/15/2025	What is ATTR Amyloidosis?
Published	04/15/2025	What are the subtypes of ATTR Amyloidosis?
Published	04/15/2025	Which of the following features would be more suggestive of athlete’s heart rather than hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? a. Atrial fibrillationb. Dilated …
Published	04/15/2025	What is Athlete's heart?
Published	04/15/2025	Which of the following is the strongest indication for septal reduction surgery / alcohol septal ablation in patients with HCM? a. Septal thickness &g…
Published	04/15/2025	When should you send someone for septal reduction surgery or alcohol septal ablation?
Published	04/15/2025	A 68yo woman presents to the ED with severe chest pain after a car accident. She has the past history of current smoking and hypercholesterolemia. She…
Published	04/15/2025	What is Takotsubo's CM?
Published	04/15/2025	Which of the following is NOT a feature of ARVC? a. Right ventricular dilatation b. Fibrofatty infiltration of the left ventricle c. Gene defect in ca…
Published	04/15/2025	What are the HF diagnostic criteria?
Published	04/15/2025	A 67-year-old woman with congestive cardiac failure remains breathless on moderate exertion despite treatment with 40 mg frusemide and 20 mg enalapril…
Published	04/15/2025	What is the HFrEF management algorithm?
Published	04/15/2025	A 69yo woman with long-standing idiopathic cardiomyopathy continues to feel dyspnoeic on walking to her mailbox despite taking: - Bisoprolol 5mg …
Published	04/15/2025	The method of action of Sacubitril is: A. Indirectly inhibits Renin production B. Blocks the atrial naturetic peptide receptors C. Inhibits an enzyme …
Published	04/15/2025	A 60yo man remains short of breath with showering despite increasing medical therapy for his idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. His ECG is on the foll…
Published	04/15/2025	What is the medical and interventional management for HFrEF?
Published	04/15/2025	Which of the following treatment has demonstrated reduced mortality in patients with HFrEF? A. Vericiguat B. Omecamptiv mecarbil C. Intravenous f…
Published	04/15/2025	What drugs improves HF hospitalisations and visits in patients with HFpEF?
Published	04/15/2025	A 56 year old man presents for elective PCI to an LAD bifurcation lesion. During the procedure he suffers slow flow in the diagonal artery. ECG next d…
Published	04/15/2025	A 74 year old woman presents with an NSTEACS. Her past history includes a HTN, prior stroke 3 months prior and diabetes. Coronary angiography showed m…
Published	04/15/2025	All the following are contraindications to thrombolysis except: 1. Systolic BP>180 or DBP>110 2. Ischaemic Stroke 2 months prior 3. Pre-existing…
Published	04/15/2025	Routine thrombus aspiration in STEMI can: 1. Improves mortality 2. Reduces size of infarction 3. Increase risk of stroke \4. Improves survival only 5.…
Published	04/15/2025	A 55-yo truckdriver, hypertension, diabetes presents with chest pain, generally unwell. CP for 72 hours. ECG: anterior STEMI. Blood Pressure 80/50mmHg…
Published	04/15/2025	What is the only circulatory support device with mortality benefit?
Published	04/15/2025	70 yo, with hypertension, dyslipidaemia presents with chest pain for 3 hours. ECG: anterior STEMI. Blood pressure 140/80mmHg, HR 99 Angiogram: oc…
Published	04/15/2025	In patients immediately post MI with an EF<30%, there is a significant risk of sudden cardiac death. To decrease this risk you should: 1. Optimal m…
Published	04/15/2025	78 yo with AF has just undergone PCI. She has taken warfarin for “years” for AF thromboprophylaxis. She a past history of hypertension and bleeding pe…
Published	04/15/2025	What is the antithrombotic therapy of choice in AF and PCI?
Published	04/15/2025	What is the likely underlying pathology accounting for the presentation? 1. Coronary embolus 2. Atherosclerosis and plaque rupture 3. Coronary Intramu…
Published	04/15/2025
Published	05/27/2025	In patients with ascites, a serum to ascites albumin gradient of greater than 12 is most likely to be caused by which of the following conditions?Mali…
Published	05/30/2025	A 39M with a known atrial septal defect presents to the emergency department with a 6 hour history of palpitations. His ECG is shown below. What of th…
Published	05/30/2025	Which of the following patient characteristics is least likely to increase an individuals susceptibiltiy to anthracycline cardiomyopathy? A. Age …
Published	05/30/2025	A 65 year old man presents with a 3 month history of exertioanl dyspnoea. He is found to have aortic stenosis with a valve area of 0.9% and a mean tra…
Published	05/30/2025	AN 84 year old man with severe aortic stenosis complains of shortness of breath after walking 20m and a couple of episodes of unexplained collapse. He…
Published	05/30/2025	You see a 75 year old women with a new diagnosis of AF. Her CHA2DS2VAsc Score is 4. She has a histroy of myocardial infarction 4 years ago trated with…
Published	05/30/2025	Beta blockers are recommended as first line therapy for stable angina. Their main mechanism of action is explained by; A. Increased coronary arte…
Published	05/30/2025	WHat is the management stretegy for a patient with the following ECG?A. AmiodaroneB. BB C. ICDD. PPM
Published	05/30/2025	A 54 year olf man is admitted to hospital because of syncope. This is his third presentation with syncope due to severe postural hypotension over the …
Published	05/30/2025	Which of the following increases CO? A. Atropine B. Acidosis C. BB D. Hypertension
Published	05/30/2025	A 72F presents with emergency department after an episode of loss of consciousness. Which of the following clinical features, if present, do not incre…
Published	05/30/2025	An 80M presents to ED with sudden onset L) sided weakness 2/24 ago. His medical history includes HTN, Hypercholesterolaemia and AF for which he's taki…
Published	05/30/2025	Which of the following patients can be investigated appropriately with CTCA? A. Asymptomatic patient with T2DM and normal renal function B. …
Published	05/30/2025	A 75M presents with transient weakness of the L) arm. He is diagnosed with a TIA. He is knwn to have HTN, T2DM, etOH dependence, recent WL and a low-g…
Published	05/31/2025	A 70 year old woman presents with a 2 month history of exertional dyspnoea for evaluation. Her PMHx includes HTN, obesity, OSA, permanent AF. On exami…
Published	05/31/2025	In a 28 year old man with known HOCM who ahs had one episode of syncope at work, which of the following treatments should be instituted? A. Amiod…
Published	05/31/2025	Which of the following patients does not have an indictaion for implanatable cardioverter defibrillator implanatation? A. A 20M with congenital l…
Published	05/31/2025	A 56M with a PHX of T2DM, HTN, hyperlipidaemia presents with unexplained syncope and palpitations that happen 6 monthly. His previous cardiac investig…
Published	05/31/2025	Which of the following lipid lowering agents acts by blocking the inhibition of lysosomal degradation of low density lipoprotein receptors thereby inc…
Published	05/31/2025	A 65M presents with dizziness and syncope. His ECG shows a QTc of 520ms. Review of PMHx, FHx, Medications, Electrolytes and Echo did not find a revers…
Published	05/31/2025	A 25F of ATSI presents with a 3/12 history of exertional dyspnoea. She has an unproductive cough but no fevers, chest pain or other illness She takes …
Published	05/31/2025	A 55M presents with repeated clinic BP measurements of around 150/90 mmHg after 6 months of therapy with perindopril, amlodipine and HCT at maximal do…
Published	05/31/2025	A 50F with haemochromatosis presents with dyspnoea. SHe undergoes an Echo. Which of the following Echo findings is most commonly seen in patients with…
Published	05/31/2025	Which of the following statements is correct regarding acute rheumatic fever in ATSI patients? A. It's usually associated with GBS infection&nbsp…
Published	05/31/2025	A 38F is admitted to ICU due to septic schock due to meningococcal septicaemia. SHe complains of icnreased dyspnoea on D3 when she is discharged to th…
Published	05/31/2025	Which of the following statements is correct regarding TAVI in inoperable and high risk elderly patients? A. Patients should be anticoagulated wi…
Published	05/31/2025	What is the MOA of Minoxidil?
Published	05/31/2025	A 55M presents with 2/24 of palpitations and chest discomfort. He had a similar episode 1 year ago. PHx of ank spond, T2DM, asthma. Hes alert and orie…
Published	05/31/2025	What is the MOA of Sacubitril?
Published	05/31/2025	Whats the MOA of Moxonidine?
Published	05/31/2025	Whats the MOA of Captopril?
Published	05/31/2025	Whats the MOA of Glyceryl trinitrate?
Status	Last Update	Fields