Notes in 33 Kidneys

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Published	12/13/2023	Stage 1 kidney disease is kidney damage with {{c1::normal}} GFR
Published	12/13/2023	Urea is formed in the {{c1::liver}} as the end-product of {{c2::protein metabolism}}
Published	12/13/2023	BUN is directly related to the metabolic function of the {{c1::liver}} and the excretory function of the {{c2::kidneys}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Elevated BUN is due to impaired {{c1::renal function}} or excessive {{c2::protein catabolism}}
Published	12/13/2023	For a TURP procedure, {{c1::continuous irrigation}} of the bladder facilitates visualization.
Published	12/13/2023	The risk of contrast-induced nephropathy can be reduced with adequate {{c1::hydration}} and a {{c1::sodium bicarbonate}} infusion.
Published	12/13/2023	Which kidney is located slightly higher? {{c1::Left}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the point of entry and exit for the renal artery, vein, nerves, lymphatics, and ureters?{{c1::Hilum}}
Published	12/13/2023	What part of the kidney houses the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule?{{c1::Renal cortex}}
Published	12/13/2023	What part of the kidney houses the proximal and distal tubules?{{c1::Renal cortex}}
Published	12/13/2023	What part of the kidney houses the loop of Henle?{{c1::Renal medulla}}
Published	12/13/2023	What part of the kidney houses the collecting ducts?{{c1::Renal medulla}}
Published	12/13/2023	What organ excretes volatile acids?{{c1::Lungs}}
Published	12/13/2023	What organ excretes non-volatile acids?{{c1::Kidneys}}
Published	12/13/2023	The filtered volume (by the glomerulus) that enters the tubules is called the {{c1::ultrafiltrate}}.
Published	12/13/2023	20% of the blood moving through the kidneys is {{c1::filtered at the glomerulus}}.
Published	12/13/2023	99% of ultrafiltrate is reabsorbed by the {{c1::peritubular capillaries}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The ultrafiltrate that is not reabsorbed is excreted as {{c1::urine}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What part of the kidney receives the most (90%) blood flow?{{c1::Renal cortex}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the PO2 in the renal cortex?{{c1::50 mmHg}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the PO2 in the renal medulla?{{c1::10 mmHg}}
Published	12/13/2023	Does renal blood flow decrease with aging?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	12/13/2023	At what age do children achieve an adult level of renal blood flow?{{c1::2 years}}
Published	12/13/2023	What part of the kidney houses the juxtaglomerular apparatus?{{c1::Distal tubule}}
Published	12/13/2023	SNS stimulation of the kidneys causes sodium {{c1::retention}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Physiologic stress (e.g. surgery, sepsis) predisposes kidneys to ischemic injury and nephrotoxicity due to what mechanism?{{c1::Vasoconstriction of re…
Published	12/13/2023	What effect do kinins have on renal blood flow and GFR?{{c1::Increased RBF/GFR}}
Published	12/13/2023	What effect does ADH have on renal blood flow and GFR?{{c1::Decreased RBF/GFR}}
Published	12/13/2023	What effect does SNS activation have on renal blood flow and GFR?{{c1::Decreased RBF/GFR}}
Published	12/13/2023	Aldosterone secretion is increased by {{c1::hypo}}-natremia.
Published	12/13/2023	Addison's disease is characterized by {{c1::decreased}} aldosterone.
Published	12/13/2023	Prostaglandins that produce renal vasodilation are produced by the {{c1::afferent}} arteriole.
Published	12/13/2023	What catecholamine liberates arachidonic acid from the cell membrane?{{c1::Norepinephrine}}
Published	12/13/2023	Under {{c3::ischemic}} conditions, the COX pathway favors the production of {{c2::thromboxane A2}} and {{c1::PGF2}}
Published	12/13/2023	PGF2 is a vaso-{{c1::constrictor}}.
Published	12/13/2023	NSAIDs are renal vaso-{{c1::constrictors}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Bowman's capsule}} is a thin, membranous structure surrounding the glomerulus.
Published	12/13/2023	What three substances are filtered by the glomerulus?Water, {{c1::electrolytes}}, and {{c1::glucose}}
Published	12/13/2023	Compared to plasma, glomerular filtrate does not contain {{c3::proteins}}, {{c2::erythrocytes}}, or {{c1::white blood cells}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The primary determinant of GFR is the {{c1::hydrostatic}} pressure.
Published	12/13/2023	Fluid exits the body via the process of {{c1::excretion}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What process is responsible for reabsorption of water?{{c1::Osmosis}}
Published	12/13/2023	What process is responsible for reabsorption of sodium?{{c1::active transport}}
Published	12/13/2023	The bulk of Cl- reabsorption occurs in the {{c1::proximal convoluted tubule}} (67%)
Published	12/13/2023	The bulk of HCO3- reabsorption occurs in the {{c1::proximal convoluted tubule}} (67%)
Published	12/13/2023	Organic bases, acids, and H+ are {{c1::secreted}} in the {{c2::proximal tubule}} by the Na+ counter-transport mechanism.
Published	12/13/2023	Approximately 20% of water and Na+ reabsorption occurs in the {{c1::loop of Henle}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Peritubular fluid concentration {{c1::increases}} along the descending loop due to the {{c2::countercurrent}} system.
Published	12/13/2023	The osmolarity of peritubular fluid along the descending loop is {{c1::highest}} near the renal pelvis.
Published	12/13/2023	Approximately {{c1::5}}% of water and Na+ reabsorption occurs in the distal tubule.
Published	12/13/2023	Approximately {{c1::5}}% of water and Na+ reabsorption occurs in the collecting duct.
Published	12/13/2023	Acetazolamide is used in the treatment of {{c1::central sleep}} apnea.
Published	12/13/2023	What class of drug is dorzolamide?{{c1::Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor}}
Published	12/13/2023	What class of drug is glycerin and isosorbide?{{c1::osmotic diuretics}}
Published	12/13/2023	What diuretic acts as a free radical scavenger?{{c1::Mannitol}}
Published	12/13/2023	What diuretic is used to differentiate between prerenal and intrinsic injury?{{c1::Mannitol}}
Published	12/13/2023	What class of diuretics can cause sexual dysfunction?{{c1::Thiazide}}
Published	12/13/2023	What K+-sparing diuretic can cause nephrolithiasis as a side effect?{{c1::Triamterene}}
Published	12/13/2023	The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measures the {{c1::glomerular}} function of a kidney.
Published	12/13/2023	The concentrating ability measures the {{c1::tubular}} function of a kidney.
Published	12/13/2023	What type of renal function is evaluated by the blood urea nitrogen (BUN)?{{c1::GFR (glomerular function)}}
Published	12/13/2023	What type of renal function is evaluated by the serum creatinine?{{c1::GFR (glomerular function)}}
Published	12/13/2023	What type of renal function is evaluated by the creatinine clearance?{{c1::GFR (glomerular function)}}
Published	12/13/2023	What type of renal function is evaluated by the fractional excretion of Na+?{{c1::tubular function}}
Published	12/13/2023	What type of renal function is evaluated by the urine osmolality?{{c1::tubular function}}
Published	12/13/2023	What type of renal function is evaluated by the urine sodium concentration?{{c1::tubular function}}
Published	12/13/2023	What type of renal function is evaluated by the urine specific gravity?{{c1::tubular function}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the normal creatinine clearance?{{c1::110-150 mL/min}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the normal fractional excretion of Na+?{{c1::1-3%}}
Published	12/13/2023	What organ produces creatine?{{c1::Skeletal muscle}}
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Creatinine}} is a byproduct of creatine breakdown.
Published	12/13/2023	Is creatinine reabsorbed?{{c1::No}}
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Acute tubular necrosis}} is associated with {{c1::tubular epithelial}} cells in the urine
Published	12/13/2023	Prerenal azotemia may present with {{c1::hyaline}} casts in the urine
Published	12/13/2023	What is the most common cause of perioperative kidney injury?{{c1::Ischemia-reperfusion injury}}
Published	12/13/2023	What type of surgeries place a patient at higher risk of developing acute kidney injury?{{c3::Liver surgeries}}
Published	12/13/2023	The use of an {{c1::aortic cross-clamp}} during surgery increases the risk for acute kidney injury.
Published	12/13/2023	What type of acute kidney injury is caused by abdominal compartment syndrome?{{c1::Prerenal azotemia}}
Published	12/13/2023	What type of acute kidney injury is caused by nephrotic syndrome?{{c1::Prerenal azotemia}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the MAP target to prevent prerenal azotemia?{{c1::65 mmHg}}
Published	12/13/2023	What fluids are associated with an increased risk of renal injury?{{c1::Hydroxyethyl starches (hetastarch)}}
Published	12/13/2023	Can diuretics be used to treat oliguric AKI?{{c1::No}}
Published	12/13/2023	What effect do α1 receptor agonists have on the kidneys?{{c1::Reduced RBF}}
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Vasopressin::vasopressor}} preferentially constricts the {{c1::efferent}} renal arteriole.
Published	12/13/2023	What stage kidney disease is characterized by a GFR of 60-89 mL/min?{{c1::Stage 2 }}
Published	12/13/2023	The best test for evaluating bleeding risk in a patient with chronic kidney disease is {{c1::bleeding time}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Excess {{c1::parathyroid}} hormone in chronic renal failure may cause anemia.
Published	12/13/2023	Chronic kidney disease is associated with an {{c1::increased}} risk of infection.
Published	12/13/2023	Which form of dialysis is more efficient?{{c1::Hemodialysis}}
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Peritoneal}} dialysis is preferred in patients who cannot tolerate fluid shifting from hemodialysis.
Published	12/13/2023	The most common cause of death in dialysis patients is {{c1::infection}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Succinylmonocholine is excreted by the {{c1::kidneys}}.
Published	12/13/2023	How should the propofol dose be adjusted in a patient with chronic kidney disease?{{c1::May need to increase}}
Published	12/13/2023	Does normeperidine accumulate in renal failure?{{c1::Yes! → may cause seizuress}}
Published	12/13/2023	What are the side effects of hydromorphone 3-glucuronide accumulation?{{c1::Respiratory depression}}{{c2::Myoclonus}}
Published	12/13/2023	When do the signs of contrast-induced nephrotoxicity appear?{{c1::24-36 hours}}
Published	12/13/2023	When do the signs of contrast-induced nephrotoxicity peak?{{c1::3-5 days}}
Published	12/13/2023	What type of contrast is associated with a lower risk of contrast-induced nephropathy?{{c1::Nonionic iso/low-osmolar contrast}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does myoglobin cause renal vasoconstriction?{{c1::Scavenging nitric oxide}}
Published	12/13/2023	Myoglobin is a renal vaso-{{c1::constrictor}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Myoglobin precipitates in the {{c2::proximal tubule}} in the presence of {{c1::acidic}} urine.
Published	12/13/2023	What diuretic is best in preventing myoglobinuria-induced kidney failure?{{c1::Osmotic (e.g. mannitol)}}
Published	12/13/2023	Cephalosporins may cause {{c1::renal}} failure.
Published	12/13/2023	Vancomycin may cause {{c1::renal}} failure.
Published	12/13/2023	What class of immunosuppressants may cause hypertension and renal vasoconstriction?{{c1::Calcineurin inhibitors (e.g. cyclosporine, tacrolimus)}}
Published	12/13/2023	Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus are {{c2::calcineurin}} inhibitors used to prevent {{c1::organ transplant rejection}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What non-calcineurin inhibitor carries a lower risk of nephrotoxicity?{{c1::Sirolimus}}
Published	12/13/2023	The volume of fluid absorbed during a TURP is estimated at {{c1::20}} mL/min of resection time.
Published	12/13/2023	The height of irrigation solution during a TURP should be < {{c1::60}} cm.
Published	12/13/2023	What three risks are associated with the use of sorbitol for irrigation during TURP?{{c1::Hyperglycemia::glucose}}{{c2::Osmotic diuresis::renal}}{{c3:…
Published	12/13/2023	What two risks are associated with the use of mannitol for irrigation during TURP?{{c1::fluid overload::fluids}}{{c2::Osmotic diuresis::renal}}
Published	12/13/2023	The classic triad of TURP syndrome is {{c1::hypertension}}, {{c2::bradycardia}}, and {{c3::altered mental status}}.
Published	12/13/2023	During a TURP, use of room-temperature irrigation fluids predisposes a patient to {{c1::hypo}}thermia.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Ureterolithiasis}} = ureter stone
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Cystolithiasis}} = bladder stone
Published	12/13/2023	What are the absolute contraindications for ESWL (lithotripsy)?{{c1::Pregnancy}}{{c2::Bleeding risk}}
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Calcified aneurysms}} of the aorta or renal arteries are relative contraindications to ESWL (lithotripsy).
Published	12/13/2023	What are common cutaneous side effects of ESWL?{{c1::Bruising/petchiae}}
Published	12/13/2023	What approach is used to remove large kidney stones (> 20 mm)?{{c1::Percutaneous nephrolithotomy}}
Published	12/13/2023	What anesthetic technique is used for percutaneous nephrolithotomy?{{c1::General anesthesia + ETT (GETA)}}
Published	12/13/2023	What position is used for percutaneous nephrolithotomy?{{c1::Prone}}
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Laser lithotripsy}} uses a laser to break up a kidney stone.
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