Notes in Neurology

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Published	08/28/2024	What is the first line treatment for trigeminal neuralgia?{{c1::Oxcarbazepine or carbamazepine}}
Published	08/28/2024	Monocular diplopia is caused by {{c1::refractive errors in the eye}}, most commonly {{c2::astigmatism}}
Published	08/28/2024	Binocular diplopia is caused by {{c1::nerve lesions}}, {{c2::extraocular muscle abnormalities}}, or {{c3::issues at the neuromuscular junction (myasth…
Published	08/28/2024	How do you tell if a patient has monocular or binocular diplopia?{{c1::Cover one eye. If diplopia persists, it's monocular. If it goes away, it's bino…
Published	08/28/2024	The clinical presentation of ischemic (noncompressive) CN 3 palsy is {{c1::down and out eye, extreme ptosis}}
Published	08/28/2024	The clinical presenation of compressive CN3 palsy is {{c1::down and out eye, extreme ptosis, AND blown pupil}}
Published	08/28/2024	The clinical presentation of CN 6 palsy is {{c1::adducted eye}}. In compensation, the patient will {{c2::turn their head to avoid the double vision&nb…
Published	08/28/2024	The unique cause of CN 6 palsy is {{c1::elevated ICP }} because {{c2::CN 6 enters cavernous sinus at a 90 degree bend, making it susceptible to h…
Published	08/28/2024	Clinical presentatio of CN 4 palsy is {{c1::upward deviation and cyclotorsion of eye that makes them tilt head away from lesion }}
Published	08/28/2024	The causes of a CN 4 lesion include{{c1::1/3 trauma1/3 Congenital1/3 Ischemic1/3 Tumor}}
Published	08/28/2024	Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease in which {{c1::autoimmune antibodies to nicotinic ach receptors are formed at neuromuscular junction. }} Th…
Published	08/28/2024	In myasthenia gravis, once the number of working Ach receptors drops below {{c1::30% of normal}}, pt will become symptomatic
Published	08/28/2024	Smooth, striated, and cardiac muscle are affected by myasthenia gravis. T/F?{{c1::F: only striated. The others have different antigenicity }}
Published	08/28/2024	Diplopia and ptosis in myasthenia gravis worsen with {{c1::upgaze}}
Published	08/28/2024	Myasthenia gravis can be definitely diagnosed with {{c1::tensilon}} test, in which you give {{c2::edrophonium}}.
Published	08/28/2024	While definitive diagnosis for myasthenia gravis is tensilon test, it's usually not done in office because you need IV lines and there can be toxic re…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Optic neuritis}} is {{c2::an inflammation of the optic nerve that is often demyelinating}}. Clinical presenation includes {{c3::decreased vision…
Published	08/28/2024	Ischemic optic neuropathy = {{c1::NAION}} is a localized ischemic event at {{c2::the junction of the optic nerve as it enters the eyeball }}.&nbs…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Giant cell arteritis}} is a vasculitis of the medium and small arteries around the head. It usually happens in patients who are {{c2::>70yo}}
Published	08/28/2024	The optic neuropathy associated with multiple sclerosis is {{c1::optic neuritis}}
Published	08/28/2024	Treatment of optic neuritis with IV steroids will speed recovery and improve the outcome of the disease?{{c1::F: it speeds recovery, but doesn't chang…
Published	08/28/2024	If you suspect a patient has GCA, next step is {{c1::ESR/CRP}} + {{c2::temporal artery biopsy}} + {{c3::steroids immediately}}.
Published	08/28/2024	For temporal arteritis suspicion, always get the biopsy before giving steroids, because steroids will reduce diagnostic yield on biopsy. T/F?{{c1::F: …
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Horner syndrome}} occurs due to knocking out of the sympathetic pathway
Published	08/28/2024	There are two muscles that control open eyelids:1. {{c2::Levator palpebrae}}: innervated by CN3 (most of the action)2. {{c1::Muller's muscle}}: innerv…
Published	08/28/2024	The first step of suspected Horner's syndrome is to determine if the patient actually has it. The way to test this is with {{c1::cocaine}} test. The n…
Published	08/28/2024	Sympathetic vs parasympathetic nerve pathway{{c1::}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Adie's tonic pupil}} is {{c2::the opposite of Horner's, where you have parasympathetic pathway knocked out. }}
Published	08/28/2024	Patients with Adie's tonic pupil present with {{c1::pupillary dilation that responds to light very slowly, so slow constriction. }}
Published	08/28/2024	Causes of Horner syndrome include {{c1::carotid dissections, pancoast tumors, etc}}, whiel causes of Adie's tonic pupil include {{c2::benign things li…
Published	08/28/2024	9-36% of CN3 palsy are caused by {{c1::aneurysm}}. The location that is most common is {{c2::Pcom}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::AV nicking and copper wiring = hypertensive retinopathy}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Forced ductions}} can tell us the difference between a nerve palsy vs entrapment of muscle
Published	08/28/2024	Sympthatic pathway for pupillary dilation:{{c1::}}
Published	08/28/2024	Signs of Horner syndrome include:{{c1::Anisocoria greater in dim illuminationDilation lag: slow dilation, and very specific for Horner. Mild ptos…
Published	08/28/2024	Causes of Horner syndrome{{c1::-Malignancy (Neuroblastoma (children); Lung & thyroid tumors (adults))-Stroke (Lateral part of the medulla)-Ca…
Published	08/28/2024	Neurofibromatosis type I can present with what ocular finding?{{c1::Optic pathway glioma: monocular eye proptosis and vision changes. Can grow large e…
Published	08/28/2024	Intermittent strabismus can be expected in {{c1::infants <4mo age}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Cecocentral scotomas}} occur between the central vision and blind spot and are classically associated with {{c1::optic neuritis }}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Uhthoff's}} phenomenon is a decrease in vision with {{c2::increase in body temperature}}, which is an indicator of {{c3::optic neuritis }}
Published	08/28/2024	Which cranial nerve is most likely to be affected in  sarcoidosis?{{c1::CN 7}}
Published	08/28/2024	Condition associated with myasthenia gravis is {{c1::Grave's disease}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::HLA-B27}} is the HLA most associated with uveitis
Published	08/28/2024	Risk factors for ischemic optic neuropathy include{{c1::Age, nocturnal hypotension, crowded optic nerve (tight insertion... 0.1 cup:disk)}}
Published	08/28/2024	How to platelet levels change in GCA? WBC?{{c1::Increase; no change}}
Published	08/28/2024	Pie on floor defect is caused to lesion to {{c1::parietal}} lobe, while pie in sky defect is caused by lesion to {{c1::temporal}} lobe
Published	08/28/2024	The ophthalmoplegia seen in Wernicke encephalopathy is always CN6 palsy. {{c1::F: Can be any, and it's usually bilateral}}
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