Notes in 19 Airway Management

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Published	12/13/2023	The cricoid cartilage is located at the level of {{c1::C6::vertebrae}}
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c2::epiglottis}} prevents aspiration by covering the {{c1::glottis}} while swallowing.
Published	12/13/2023	The three unpaired cartilages of the larynx are {{c1::cricoid}}{{c2::epiglottic}}{{c3::thyroid}}
Published	12/13/2023	The six paired cartilages (three pairs) of the larynx are:{{c3::arytenoid}}{{c2::corniculate}}{{c1::cuneiform}}
Published	12/13/2023	The anterior mucous membranes of the nose are innervated by the {{c1::opthalmic (V1)}} division of the {{c1::trigeminal}} nerve, also known as th…
Published	12/13/2023	The posterior mucous membranes of the nose are innervated by the {{c1::maxillary (V2)}} division of the {{c1::trigeminal}} nerve, also known as t…
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::lingual}} nerve provides general sensation to the {{c2::anterior ⅔}} of the tongue.
Published	12/13/2023	The lingual nerve is a branch of the {{c1::mandibular (V3)}} division of the {{c1::trigeminal}} nerve.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::glossopharyngeal}} nerve provides sensation to the {{c2::posterior ⅓}} of the tongue.
Published	12/13/2023	The sensation of taste on the tongue is provided by the {{c1::facial::anterior ⅔}} nerve and the {{c2::glossopharyngeal::posterior ⅓}} nerve.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::glossopharyngeal}} nerve innervates the roof of the pharynx, the tonsils, and the undersurface of the soft palate.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::vagus}} nerve provides sensation to the airway below the {{c2::epiglottis}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c2::superior laryngeal}} branch of the vagus nerve innervates the larynx between the {{c1::epiglottis}} and {{c1::vocal cords}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c2::recurrent laryngeal}} nerve innervates the larynx below the {{c1::vocal cords}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c2::recurrent laryngeal}} nerve innervates most of the muscles of the larynx, with the exception of the {{c1::cricothyroid}} musc…
Published	12/13/2023	The cricothyroid muscle is innervated by the {{c1::external (motor) laryngeal}} nerve.
Published	12/13/2023	What muscles abduct the vocal cords?{{c1::Posterior cricoarytenoid}}
Published	12/13/2023	What muscles adduct the vocal cords?{{c1::lateral cricoarytenoid}}
Published	12/13/2023	What laryngeal nerve injury results in stridor and respiratory distress?{{c1::Acute bilateral injury of the recurrent laryngeal nerve}}
Published	12/13/2023	A interincisor distance of {{c1::< 3}} cm predicts a difficult airway.
Published	12/13/2023	In a Mallampati Class I, what structures are visible?{{c1::Pillars (bilateral)UvulaSoft palateHard palate}}
Published	12/13/2023	In a Mallampati Class II, what structures are visible?{{c1::UvulaSoft palateHard palate}}
Published	12/13/2023	In a Mallampati Class III, what structures are visible?{{c1::Soft palateHard palate}}
Published	12/13/2023	In a Mallampati Class IV, what structures are visible?{{c1::Hard palate}}
Published	12/13/2023	A thyromental distance less than {{c1::3 fingerbreadths}} predicts a difficult airway.
Published	12/13/2023	Weakness of the {{c1::genioglossus}} muscle in anesthetized patients causes the {{c2::tongue}} and {{c2::epiglottis}} to fall back against the posteri…
Published	12/13/2023	The length of a nasal airway can be estimated as the distance from the nares to the {{c1::meatus of the ear}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Nasal airways are less desirable than oral airways in patients at risk for {{c1::bleeding}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::sniffing}} position aligns the {{c2::oral}}, {{c2::laryngeal}}, and {{c2::pharyngeal}} axes.
Published	12/13/2023	Patients with morbid obesity should be positioned on a {{c1::30 degree upward ramp}} for airway management.
Published	12/13/2023	Bag and mask ventilation (BMV) is the first step in airway management, with the exception of patients undergoing {{c1::rapid-sequence (RSI)}} int…
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Bag and mask ventilation (BMV)}} is avoided in rapid-sequence intubation to reduce the risk of {{c1::aspiration}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The advantage of an endotracheal tube over a supraglottic airway device (LMA) is that it protects against {{c1::aspiration pneumonitis}}.
Published	12/13/2023	An ideally positioned laryngeal mask airway is bordered by the {{c1::pyriform sinuses}} laterally.
Published	12/13/2023	An ideally positioned laryngeal mask airway is bordered by the {{c1::upper esophageal sphincter}} inferiorly, at the {{c2::cricopharyngeus}} musc…
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Laryngeal mask airways::airway device}} are contraindicated in patients with low pulmonary compliance (such as in {{c2::restrictive}} airwa…
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::distal::proximal/distal}} lumen of the esophageal-tracheal combitube usually occludes the {{c2::esophagus}}.
Published	12/13/2023	If the Combitube ends up in the trachea, ventilation should be done through the {{c1::tracheal}} tube.
Published	12/13/2023	Most endotracheal tubes have have a {{c2::Murphy eye (extra hole)}} to decrease the risk of {{c1::occlusion}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::High}}-pressure cuffs on an endotracheal tube place the patient at risk for {{c1::ischemic damage}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Low}}-pressure cuffs on an endotracheal tube place the patient at risk for {{c3::sore throat}} because of the large mucosal surface contact…
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Low}}-pressure cuffs on an endotracheal tube place the patient at risk for {{c1::difficult insertion}} (due to the floppy cuff).
Published	12/13/2023	Endotracheal tube cuff pressures may {{c1::increase}} during general anesthesia due to diffusion of {{c2::nitrous oxide}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Awake}} intubations necessitate a {{c1::flexible fiberoptic}} bronchoscope.
Published	12/13/2023	A flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope contains two bundles of fibers. One transmits {{c1::light}}, the other transmits {{c2::high-resolution images}}.&nb…
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c2::sniffing}} position is achieved by {{c1::atlantooccipital}} joint extension and {{c1::cervical}} flexion.
Published	12/13/2023	What laryngeal mask airway variation(s) allow for gastric tube placement?{{c1::Proseal LMA}} and {{c2::LMA Supreme}}
Published	12/13/2023	What laryngeal mask airway variation(s) allow for endotracheal tube placement?{{c2::Fastrach LMA}} and {{c1::LMA CTrach}}
Published	12/13/2023	What laryngeal mask airway variation(s) contain a camera to facilitate endotracheal tube placement?{{c1::LMA CTrach}}
Published	12/13/2023	Nasotracheal intubation is generally contraindicated in {{c2::midfacial trauma}} because of the risk of {{c1::intracranial}} placement.
Published	12/13/2023	Patients with a facial injuries should undergo {{c1::oral::oral/nasal}} fiberoptic intubation.
Published	12/13/2023	Patients with a poor mouth opening should undergo {{c1::nasal}} fiberoptic intubation.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Dexmedetomidine}} produces sedation without {{c2::respiratory depression}}.
Published	12/13/2023	A {{c3::percutaneous}} cricothyrotomy utilizes the {{c2::Seldinger}} technique to insert a {{c4::wire}} across the cricothyroid membrane.
Published	12/13/2023	Emergency airway access can be obtained with a {{c1::large-bore IV catheter}} and a {{c2::jet ventilation system}}.
Published	12/13/2023	If a IV catheter is not secured, transtracheal jet ventilation can cause {{c1::subcutaneous emphysema}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Retrograde intubation uses a {{c1::wire}} that is passed from the {{c3::cricothyroid membrane}} through the {{c2::mouth}} or {{c2::nose}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Bronchospasm after intubation can be treated with {{c2::bronchodilators}} or increasing {{c1::anesthetic depth}}.
Published	12/13/2023	A depleted {{c1::CO2 absorber::anesthesia machine component}} will cause the end-tidal CO2 to increase.
Published	12/13/2023	Extubation during a {{c1::light::light/deep}} plane of anesthesia can cause {{c2::laryngospasm}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Extubating an awake patient can lead to {{c3::bucking}} of the ETT, which increases the risk of {{c2::wound dehiscence}}.
Published	12/13/2023	A {{c1::right::right/left}} mainstem intubation is more likely to occur than a {{c1::left::right/left}} mainstem intubation.
Published	12/13/2023	Neck {{c1::extension}} moves the endotracheal tube {{c2::away from}} the carina.
Published	12/13/2023	Neck {{c1::flexion}} moves the endotracheal tube {{c2::toward}} the carina.
Published	12/13/2023	Laryngospasm is caused by sensory stimulation of the {{c1::superior laryngeal}} nerve.
Published	12/13/2023	Laryngospasm can be treated initially with intravenous {{c1::lidocaine}} and {{c2::succinylcholine}}.
Published	12/13/2023	During laryngospasm, patients can generate large {{c1::negative}} introthoracic pressures, which can lead to {{c2::negative-pressure pulmonary edema}}…
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Superior laryngeal nerve}} blocks and {{c1::transtracheal}} blocks anesthetize the airway below the epiglottis.
Published	12/13/2023	What muscles are the vocal cord tensors?{{c1::Cricothyroid muscles}}
Published	12/13/2023	What laryngeal nerve injuries result in hoarseness?{{c2::bilateral superior laryngeal nerve }}{{c1::unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve}}
Published	12/13/2023	What nerve block is used to block sensation between the epiglottis and vocal cords?{{c1::Superior laryngeal nerve block}}
Published	12/13/2023	With the superior laryngeal nerve block, injections go 1 cm below the {{c1::greater cornu}} of the {{c2::hyoid}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c2::transtracheal}} block blocks the {{c1::recurrent laryngeal}} nerve.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::glossopharyngeal}} nerve block blocks sensation in the upper airway (from the posterior ⅓ of the tongue to the epiglottis).
Published	12/13/2023	The glossopharyngeal nerve block blocks the {{c1::lingual}} branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve.
Published	12/13/2023	The injection site for a glossopharyngeal nerve block is immediately posterior to the {{c1::palantine tonsil}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Low::high/low}}-pressure ETT cuffs have a higher risk of aspiration compared to {{c1::high::high/low}}-pressure cuffs.
Published	12/13/2023	The laryngeal mask airway (LMA) is limited to positive pressure ventilation up to {{c1::20}} cm H2O.
Published	12/13/2023	The LMA Supreme allows for peak inspiratory pressures of up to {{c1::30}} cm H2O.
Published	12/13/2023	The LMA is contraindicated with patients with {{c1::pharyngeal}} pathologies
Published	12/13/2023	The LMA is contraindicated in patients at risk for {{c1::aspiration}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The LMA is contraindicated in patients with {{c1::restrictive}} airway disease.
Published	12/13/2023	During intubation, {{c1::Sellick's}} maneuver (also known as {{c1::cricoid pressure}}) occludes the {{c2::esophagus}} to prevent aspiration.
Published	12/13/2023	When positioning an obese patient for intubation, it is important to align the ear at the level of the {{c1::sternal notch}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Rapid sequence}} inductions are used when there is an increased risk of {{c1::pulmonary aspiration}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Cricoid pressure and RSI are the standard of care for patients who have {{c1::full stomachs}}.
Published	12/13/2023	A mandibulohyoid/thyrohyoid distance less than {{c1::2 fingerbreadths}} predicts a {{c2::anterior}} larynx position.
Published	12/13/2023	A mandibulohyoid/thyrohyoid distance greater than {{c1::2 fingerbreadths}} predicts a {{c2::caudally}}-positioned larynx.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Eschmann (gum elastic bougie)}} stylets are used in patients with a Cormack-Lehane grade {{c2::2}} or {{c2::3}} airway view.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Eschmann (gum elastic bougie)}} stylets are inserted blindly, and placement is confirmed by feeling the tip bounce against the {{c2::tracheal ri…
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Airway exchange}} catheters can be left in place after extubation in the event that a patient requires re-intubation.
Published	12/13/2023	When using a Trachlite lighted stylet, {{c2::tracheal}} placement is seen with a well-defined circumscribed glow.
Published	12/13/2023	When using a Trachlite lighted stylet, {{c2::esophageal}} placement is seen with a diffuse transillumination.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Airway exchange}} catheters are longer than Eschmann/bougie stylets and allow for {{c2::ventilation}} with a jet system.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c2::esophageal}} lumen of the Combitube has a {{c1::closed}} tip, and air exits out of the {{c1::side perforations}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c2::tracheal}} lumen of the Combitube has a {{c1::open}} tip, and air exits out of the {{c1::bottom}}.
Published	12/13/2023	In a retrograde wire intubation, after puncturing the cricothyroid membrane in a {{c1::cephalad}} manner, it is important to {{c2::aspirate air}} to c…
Published	12/13/2023	In an emergency needle cricothyrotomy with transtracheal jet ventilation (TTJV), the patient should be ventilated at {{c1::25}} to {{c1::35}} psi, and…
Published	12/13/2023	In transtracheal jet ventilation, a 1 second inspiratory phase with a rate of 20-30 breaths per minute yields a tidal volume of approximately {{c1::28…
Published	12/13/2023	An ideally positioned laryngeal mask airway is bordered by the {{c1::base of the tongue}} at the proximal end.
Published	12/13/2023	During a transtracheal block, patient {{c1::coughing}} pushes the local anesthetics upwards to anesthetize the vocal cords.
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