Notes in 15Hearing&Balance

To Subscribe, use this Key

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/30/2024	Components of the external ear{{c1::1. Auricle2. External auditory meatus3. Tympanic membrane}}
Published	07/30/2024	f5dc7d559a9f4f7ba6545e4c8a9cd8c0-ao-1
Published	07/30/2024	f5dc7d559a9f4f7ba6545e4c8a9cd8c0-ao-2
Published	07/30/2024	How long is the external auditory meatus{{c1::2.5 cm long::unit length}}
Published	07/30/2024	The middle ear, or {{c1::tympanic cavity}}, is a small, air-filled space inside the {{c2::petrous temporal}}
Published	07/30/2024	Boundaries of the Middle EarLateral boundary - {{c1::Membranous wall}}
Published	07/30/2024	Boundaries of the Middle EarMedial boundary - {{c1::Labyrinthine wall}}
Published	07/30/2024	Boundaries of the Middle EarSuperior boundary - {{c1::Tegmental wall}}
Published	07/30/2024	Boundaries of the Middle EarInferior boundary - {{c1::Jugular wall}}
Published	07/30/2024	Boundaries of the Middle EarPosterior wall - {{c1::Mastoid wall}}
Published	07/30/2024	Boundaries of the Middle EarAnterior wall - {{c1::Carotid wall}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Mastoid antrum}} is a canal from the {{c2::middle ear (epitympanic recess, mastoid wall)}} leading to {{c2::mastoid air cells}}
Published	07/30/2024	The pharyngotympanic tube runs{{c1::Medially, anteriorly and inferiorly::orientation}}
Published	07/30/2024	The eardrum does not vibrate freely unless the pressure on both its surfaces {{c1::is the same}}
Published	07/30/2024	A child's pharyngotympanic tube is {{c1::shorter::longer/shorter}} and {{c1::less angled::angle}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Auditory ossicles}} from lateral to medial{{c1::1. Malleus2. Incus3. Stapes}}
Published	07/30/2024	Two windows in the labyrinthine wallSuperior - {{c1::oval window}}Inferior - {{c1::round window}}
Published	07/30/2024	The stapes vibrates against the {{c1::oval window}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Otosclerosis}} is a overgrowth of the tissue of the walls of the middle ear and can cause fusion with the {{c2::stapes to the oval window}}
Published	07/30/2024	Without the ossicles, people could hear only {{c1::loud}} sounds
Published	07/30/2024	Composition of the pharyngotympanic tube{{c2::lateral 1/3}} - {{c1::bone}}{{c2::medial 2/3}} - {{c1::cartilage}}
Published	07/30/2024	Muscle: {{c1::Tensor Tympani}}Origin: {{c2::Pharyngotympanic tube (cartilagenous part)}}Insertion: {{c2::Malleus}}
Published	07/30/2024	Muscle: {{c1::Stapedius}}Origin: {{c2::Pyramidal eminence}}Insertion: {{c2::Neck of stapes}}
Published	07/30/2024	When the ears are assaulted by very loud sounds, the {{c1::tensor tympani and stapedius}} {{c2::contract::contract/relax}} reflexively to limit the vi…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::internal ear}} is aka the {{c2::labyrinth}}
Published	07/30/2024	The labyrinth lies within the {{c1::petrous temporal}}
Published	07/30/2024	Two main divisions of the inner ear:{{c1::1. Bony labyrinth2. Membranous labyrinth}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::bony labyrinth}} is a cavity in the petrous part of the temporal bone consisting of a system of twisting channels
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::membranous labyrinth}} is a continuous series of membrane-walled sacs and ducts that fit loosely within the bony labyrinth and more or less …
Published	07/30/2024	The wall of the membranous labyrinth is composed of {{c1::simple squamous epithelium::tissue type}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c2::Bony}} Labyrinth:{{c1::1. Semicircular canals2. Vestibule3. Cochlea}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c2::Membranous}} Labyrinth:{{c1::1. Semicircular ducts2. Utricle and Saccule3. Cochlear duct}}
Published	07/30/2024	Fluid within the membranous labyrinth:{{c1::Endolymph}}
Published	07/30/2024	Fluid around the membranous labyrinth:{{c1::Perilymph}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c2::perilymph::endolymph/perilymph}} is continuous with the {{c1::CSF}}
Published	07/30/2024	T/FThe perilymph and endolymph are NOT continuous with one another{{c1::T}}
Published	07/30/2024	The cochlea coils for about {{c2::2¾}} turns around the {{c1::modiolus}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::modiolus}} is shaped like a screw whose tip lies at the {{c2::cochlear apex}}, pointing {{c3::anterolaterally}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::osseous spiral lamina}} is a dual bony shelf or ledge* which projects from the {{c2::modiolus}} into the interior of the cana…
Published	07/30/2024	Running through the bony core of the {{c1::modiolus}} is the {{c2::cochlear nerve}}
Published	07/30/2024	The cochlear duct winds through the cochlea and ends blindly in the {{c1::cochlear apex}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Endolymph}}-filled scala{{c1::Scala media}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Perilymph}}-filled scala{{c1::1. Scala vestibuli2. Scala tympani}}
Published	07/30/2024	Vestibule → {{c1::oval window::window}} → cochlea → {{c2::Scala vestibuli::scala}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Scala tympani::scala}} → {{c2::round window::ends}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c2::scala vestibuli}} and {{c2::scala tympani}} are continuous with each other at the {{c1::helicotrema *}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Helicotrema}} is part of the cochlea near the apex of the basilar membrane, which responds to {{c2::low frequency::frequency}} sounds
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c2::cochlear duct}} is aka the {{c1::scala media}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::scala media}} is the part of the membranous labyrinth that contains the sensory receptors for hearing
Published	07/30/2024	Roof of the cochlear duct{{c1::Vestibular membrane}}
Published	07/30/2024	External wall of cochlear duct{{c1::Stria vascularis}}
Published	07/30/2024	Floor of cochlear duct{{c1::1. Basilar membrane2. Osseous spiral lamina}}
Published	07/30/2024	Spiral organ:{{c1::1 row of::n rows}} - {{c2::inner hair cells}}{{c1::3 rows of::n rows}} - {{c2::outer hair cells}}+ supporting cells
Published	07/30/2024	Stereocilia of the spiral organTip: {{c1::embedded to the tectorial membrane}}Base: {{c1::synapses with fibers of the cochlear nerve}}
Published	07/30/2024	The spiral ganglion is on the {{c1::osseous spiral lamina and modiolus}}
Published	07/30/2024	Both the inner and outer hair cells have {{c1::3::n}} stereocilia of increasing length extending from the apical surface of each cell
Published	07/30/2024	Stereocillia of {{c2::inner hair cells::hair cell of spiral organ}} are arranged {{c1::linearly::pattern}}
Published	07/30/2024	Stereocillia of {{c2::outer hair cells::hair cells of the spiral organ}} are arranged {{c1::in a W pattern}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which among the membranes involved in the spiral organ does not move?{{c1::tectorial membrane}}
Published	07/30/2024	Release mechanism of vibration in the cochlea is accounted by the{{c1::Round window}}
Published	07/30/2024	True hearing receptors{{c1::Inner hair cells}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::outer hair cells of the spiral organ}} are involved with actively tuning the cochlea and amplifying the signal
Published	07/30/2024	The mobility of the {{c1::outer hair cells}} is also responsible for producing {{c2::otoacoustic emissions}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs)}} are sounds of cochlear origin
Published	07/30/2024	The central cavity of the bony labyrinth{{c1::Vestibule}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::utricle}} is continuous with the → {{c1::semicircular ducts}} through {{c2::5::n}} openings
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::saccule}} is continuous with the {{c1::cochlear duct}} via the {{c2::ductus reuniens}}
Published	07/30/2024	The utricle and saccule each house a spot of sensory epithelium called a {{c1::macula}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c2::macula}} monitors{{c1::1. static equilibrium2. linear acceleration}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c2::crista ampullaris}} monitors{{c1::rotational acceleration}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cells in the macula (utricle, saccule){{c1::1. Supporting cells2. Hair cells}}
Published	07/30/2024	Sterocilia of the macula are embedded in an overlying {{c1::otolith membrane}}
Published	07/30/2024	The otolith membrans contains heavy crystals of {{c2::calcium carbonate}} called {{c1::otoliths}}
Published	07/30/2024	Sac:{{c1::Utricle}}Orientation within the ear:{{c3::Horizontal}}Signal if hairs are bent{{c2::tilted head}}
Published	07/30/2024	Sac:{{c1::Saccule}}Orientation within the ear:{{c3::Vertical}}Signal if hairs are bent{{c2::Upright, untilted head}}
Published	07/30/2024	The superior and inferior vestibular ganglia lie within the {{c1::petrous temporal}}
Published	07/30/2024	The three semicircular canals of the bony labyrinth lie {{c1::posterior and lateral::orientation}} to the vestibule
Published	07/30/2024	Each {{c2::semicircular canal}} has an expansion at one end called an {{c1::ampulla}}
Published	07/30/2024	Semicircular canals{{c1::1. Anterior semicircular canal2. Posterior semicircular canal3. Lateral semicircular canal}}
Published	07/30/2024	Each {{c2::semicircular duct}} has an expansion at one end called a {{c1::membranous ampulla}}
Published	07/30/2024	Each membranous ampulla houses a small crest of receptor hair cells called {{c1::crista ampullaris}}
Published	07/30/2024	Each crista ampullaris has a jellylike mass above it called the {{c1::ampullary cupula}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Semicircular duct}} → {{c2::membranous ampulla}} → {{c3::crista ampullaris}} → {{c4::hair cells embedded in cupula}}
Published	07/30/2024	Auditory tract → cortex{{c1::Inner hair cells::cells}} → {{c2::cochlear nerve::fibers}} → {{c3::cochlear nuclei (medulla)::nucleus}} "→" {{c4::superio…
Published	07/30/2024	T/FEach primary auditory cortex receives impulses from BOTH ears{{c1::T}}
Published	07/30/2024	major brain centers for processing information on equilibrium{{c1::Vestibular nucleiCerebellum}}
Published	07/30/2024	Conscious awareness of equilibrium is carried by a pathway leading to the {{c1::posterior insula::cortex}}
Published	07/30/2024	Embryonic origin of internal ear{{c1::Ectoderm}}
Published	07/30/2024	T/FAny hearing loss, no matter how slight, is considered deafness{{c1::T}}
Published	07/30/2024	Two types of deafness{{c1::1. Conduction deafness2. Sensorineural deafness}}
Published	07/30/2024	As we age, the pupils stay partly {{c1::constricted::dilated/constricted}}
Published	07/30/2024	Ability to hear {{c1::high-pitched::pitch}} sounds is a {{c2::post}}natal development.
Published	07/30/2024	As we age, the ability to hear {{c1::high-pitched::pitch}} sounds fades first
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Presbycusis}} is an age-related type of {{c2::sensorineural hearing loss}} that occurs due to progressive irreversible damage to {{c3::hair cell…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Otitis externa}} "{{c2::swimmer’s ear}}"
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Tinnitus}} is a persistent noise—a ringing, whistling, humming, buzzing, or screeching
Published	07/30/2024	cfe3757140854f3c9c89bc60b54886fb-ao-1
Published	07/30/2024	cfe3757140854f3c9c89bc60b54886fb-ao-2
Published	07/30/2024	cfe3757140854f3c9c89bc60b54886fb-ao-3
Published	07/30/2024	404c838c276f4c1891c5f569ef2608a4-ao-1
Published	07/30/2024	404c838c276f4c1891c5f569ef2608a4-ao-2
Published	07/30/2024	404c838c276f4c1891c5f569ef2608a4-ao-3
Published	07/30/2024	b8b22462c95042948c1f8db1ab4907b2-ao-1
Published	07/30/2024	b8b22462c95042948c1f8db1ab4907b2-ao-2
Published	07/30/2024	b8b22462c95042948c1f8db1ab4907b2-ao-3
Published	07/30/2024	b8b22462c95042948c1f8db1ab4907b2-ao-4
Published	07/30/2024	b8b22462c95042948c1f8db1ab4907b2-ao-5
Published	07/30/2024	b8b22462c95042948c1f8db1ab4907b2-ao-6
Published	07/30/2024	b8b22462c95042948c1f8db1ab4907b2-ao-7
Published	07/30/2024	b8b22462c95042948c1f8db1ab4907b2-ao-8
Published	07/30/2024	b8b22462c95042948c1f8db1ab4907b2-ao-9
Published	07/30/2024	b8b22462c95042948c1f8db1ab4907b2-ao-10
Published	07/30/2024	63ec5b3738254d6f9525135c552962a2-ao-1
Published	07/30/2024	63ec5b3738254d6f9525135c552962a2-ao-2
Published	07/30/2024	63ec5b3738254d6f9525135c552962a2-ao-3
Published	07/30/2024	63ec5b3738254d6f9525135c552962a2-ao-4
Published	07/30/2024	7f2389e484974911b94ab301f1cfd8f7-ao-1
Published	07/30/2024	7f2389e484974911b94ab301f1cfd8f7-ao-2
Published	07/30/2024	7f2389e484974911b94ab301f1cfd8f7-ao-3
Published	07/30/2024	7f2389e484974911b94ab301f1cfd8f7-ao-4
Published	07/30/2024	7f2389e484974911b94ab301f1cfd8f7-ao-5
Published	07/30/2024	a56f89016598417f90e5485d65837e54-ao-1
Published	07/30/2024	a56f89016598417f90e5485d65837e54-ao-2
Published	07/30/2024	a56f89016598417f90e5485d65837e54-ao-3
Published	07/30/2024	a56f89016598417f90e5485d65837e54-ao-4
Published	07/30/2024	a56f89016598417f90e5485d65837e54-ao-5
Published	07/30/2024	a56f89016598417f90e5485d65837e54-ao-6
Published	07/30/2024	a56f89016598417f90e5485d65837e54-ao-7
Published	07/30/2024	2a4e8a63ffd044f7b2a51ef52a92e01e-ao-1
Published	07/30/2024	2a4e8a63ffd044f7b2a51ef52a92e01e-ao-2
Published	07/30/2024	2a4e8a63ffd044f7b2a51ef52a92e01e-ao-3
Published	07/30/2024	2a4e8a63ffd044f7b2a51ef52a92e01e-ao-4
Published	07/30/2024	2a4e8a63ffd044f7b2a51ef52a92e01e-ao-5
Published	07/30/2024	The superior olivary nucleus receives auditory information {{c1::bilaterally*::-laterally}} and projects its axons {{c2::ipsilaterally::-laterally}}
Published	07/30/2024	Important strutures in the labyrinthine wall of the middle ear{{c1::1. Oval window2. Promontory3. Round window}}
Published	07/30/2024	Important strutures in the mastoid wall of the middle ear{{c1::1. Aditus to mastoid antrum2. Bulge of lateral semicircular canal3. Canal of the f…
Published	07/30/2024	Important strutures in the carotid wall of the middle ear{{c1::1. Tympanic branch of ICA2. Deep petrosal nerve*3. Pharyngotympanic tube4. Tensor tympa…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::saccule}} is continuous with the {{c1::utricle}} via the {{c2::utriculo-saccular duct}}
Published	07/30/2024	The Y shaped {{c2::utriculo saccular duct}} extends as the {{c1::ductus endolymphaticus}} and eventually expands as the {{c1::saccus endolymphaticus}}
Published	07/30/2024	Ledges of the osseous spiral lamina{{c1::1. Vestibular lemella2. Tympanic lamella}}
Published	07/30/2024	Fluids in the inner ear{{c1::Perilymph::fluid}} is richer in {{c2::Na+::ion}}
Published	07/30/2024	Fluids in the inner ear{{c1::Endolymph::fluid}} is richer in {{c2::K+::ion}}
Published	07/30/2024	The non-ampullated ends of the {{c2::Anterior semicircular canal}} and {{c2::Posterior semicircular canal}} unite to form the {{c1::crus communae}}
Published	07/30/2024	The crus communae opens into the {{c1::vestibule}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c2::ductus endolymphaticus}} courses through the {{c1::vestibular aqueduct}}
Published	07/30/2024	The external ear structure that funnels sound waves into the external auditory meatus{{c1::Auricle}}
Published	07/30/2024	Composition of the external auditory meatus{{c2::lateral 1/3}} - {{c1::cartilage}}{{c2::medial 2/3}} - {{c1::bone}}
Published	07/30/2024	Innervation of the tensor tympani{{c1::CN V}}
Published	07/30/2024	Innervation of the stapedius{{c1::CN VII}}
Published	07/30/2024	What produces endolymph?{{c1::Stria vascularis}}
Published	07/30/2024	What reabsorbs endolymph?{{c1::Endolymphatic sac}}
Published	07/30/2024	During rotational acceleration, endolymph flows in the {{c1::opposite}} direction as the direction of rotation.
Published	07/30/2024	As rotational movements slows down, the endolymph keeps flowing in the {{c1::same}} direction as the direction of rotation
Published	07/30/2024	T/FThe crista ampullaris on the other side is inhibited as the other is stimulated{{c1::T}}
Published	07/30/2024	The oval window is covered by the {{c1::stapes footplate}}
Published	07/30/2024	The round window is sealed by the {{c1::secondary tympanic membrane}}
Published	07/30/2024	The roof of the petrous bone just on top of the epitympanic recess{{c1::Tegmen tympani}}
Published	07/30/2024	Area of the middle ear inferior to the tympanic membrane{{c1::Hypotympanum}}
Published	07/30/2024	Nerves that may be affected in a middle ear surgery{{c1::Facial nerveChorda tympani (of facial nerve)}}
Published	07/30/2024	A {{c1::myringotomy}} is a procedure in which an incision is made in the {{c2::tympanic membrane}} to drain the middle ear
Published	07/30/2024	The anterior semicircular canal lies in what plane{{c1::vertical plane}}
Published	07/30/2024	The posterior semicircular canal lies in what plane{{c1::vertical plane}}
Published	07/30/2024	The lateral semicircular canal lies in what plane{{c1::horizontal plane}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::lateral semicircular duct::semicircular duct}} is most affected in {{c2::axial rotation::movement}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::anterior semicircular duct::semicircular duct}} is most affected in {{c2::forward and backward neck flexion and extension::movement}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::posterior semicircular duct::semicircular duct}} is most affected in {{c2::lateral bending of the neck::movement}}
Published	07/30/2024	otic {{c1::placode}} → otic {{c2::pit}} → otic {{c2::vesicle}} → {{c2::inner ear}}
Published	07/30/2024	EmbryologyMiddle ear cavity and pharyngotympanic tube{{c1::First pharyngeal pouch}}
Published	07/30/2024	EmbryologyExternal auditory meatus{{c1::First branchial groove}}
Published	07/30/2024	Development of the ear starts at the {{c1::4th week::time}} of gestation
Status	Last Update	Fields