Notes in CBB 18 Function of Vitamins II

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Published	09/14/2024	{{c2::Vitamin A}} is also known as {{c1::retinoids}}
Published	09/14/2024	{{c1::Retinoids}} are a family of compounds related to dietary retinol (vitamin A)
Published	09/14/2024	{{c1::Vitamin A}} is essential for vision, reproduction, growth, maintenance of {{c2::epithelial tissue}}
Published	09/14/2024	{{c2::Retinol}} is a storage and transport form of {{c1::Vitamin A}}
Published	09/14/2024	{{c1::Retinoic acid}} is the biologically active form of vitamin A for most functions except vision
Published	09/14/2024	{{c1::11-cis retinal}} is the biologically active form of vitamin A used for vision
Published	09/14/2024	{{c1::Beta-carotene}} can be cleaved in the intestine to yield two molecules of retinal; however conversion is inefficient
Published	09/14/2024	9f87a0de6d5c455fb4d4fec3823a2515-oa-1
Published	09/14/2024	9f87a0de6d5c455fb4d4fec3823a2515-oa-2
Published	09/14/2024	When Vitamin A is needed {{c1::retinol::specific Vit A form}} is released from liver and transported to tissues via {{c2::retinol-binding protein (RBP…
Published	09/14/2024	During transportation of vitamin A released from the liver, {{c1::retinol - retinol-binding protein(RBP)}} binds to appropriate receptors and retinol …
Published	09/14/2024	In most cells {{c1::retinol (Vitamin A)}} is oxidized to {{c2::retinoic acid}}, which is the biologically active form
Published	09/14/2024	Retinoic acid binds to {{c1::retinoic acid receptors (RARs)}} in the nucleus to form active {{c2::transcription factors}} that bind to response elemen…
Published	09/14/2024	{{c1::Retinoic acid receptors (RAR)}} are a part of a superfamily of transcriptional regulators that includes nuclear receptors for {{c2::steroid horm…
Published	09/14/2024	In vision, {{c2::all-trans retinol (vitamin A)}} are converted into {{c1::11-cis Retinal}}
Published	09/14/2024	{{c1::11-cis retinal}} combines with {{c1::opsin}} to make {{c2::rhodopsin}}
Published	09/14/2024	Light cleaves {{c1::rhodopsin}} to yield {{c2::opsin}} and {{c2::all-trans retinal}}, cycle starts over
Published	09/14/2024	Sources of vitamin A on card flip. {{c1:: }}
Published	09/14/2024	Vitamin A deficiency can cause (5): 1. {{c1::Night blindness}} - can't see in the dark2. {{c2::xerophthalmia}} (pathological dryness of eye)3. {{…
Published	09/14/2024	Dietary deficiency of {{c2::vitamin A}} is treated with {{c1::retinol}}. Dietary deficiency is usually caused by {{c3::fat-free diet}} or fat {{c…
Published	09/14/2024	Excess Vitamin A can cause (3): 1. {{c1::Hypervitaminosis A}}: dry, itchy skin, liver damage (cirrhosis)2. {{c2::Rise in intracranial pressu…
Published	09/14/2024	Pregnant women in particular are advised not to ingest excess {{c1::vitamin A}} due to teratogenic effects
Published	09/14/2024	All-trans retinoic acid (tretinoin) is used to treat (3) {{c1::acne, psoriasis, and even promyelocytic leukemia}}
Published	09/14/2024	{{c3::13-cis Retinoic acid (isotretinoin)}} used to treat {{c1::severe acne}}, however is contraindicated in women with childbearing potential due to …
Published	09/14/2024	Vitamin D acts in a {{c1::hormone-like}} manner to affect {{c2::gene expression}}.  Vitamin D binds to intracellular receptors and then acts…
Published	09/14/2024	Vitamin {{c2::D}}'s most prominent function is the regulation of {{c1::calcium}} and {{c1::phosphorus}} levels in plasma.
Published	09/14/2024	Regarding Vitamin D, {{c1::7-dehydrocholesterol}}, an intermediate in cholesterol synthesis, can be converted into {{c2::cholecalciferol}} in the pres…
Published	09/14/2024	{{c1::Ergocalciferol (D2)}} is from from plants while {{c1::Cholecalciferol (D3)}} from animal sources
Published	09/14/2024	Dietary Vitamin D is packaged in {{c2::chylomicrons}}. Dietary vitamin D is only required with {{c1::limited sun exposure}}
Published	09/14/2024	{{c3::Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D)}} is converted into {{c1::25-OH-D3 (calcidiol)}} by {{c2::25-hydroxlase}} in the liver.
Published	09/14/2024	{{c1::Calcidiol}} is the storage form of Vitamin D and the most prominent form found in the blood.
Published	09/14/2024	A second hydroxylation of {{c2::calcidiol}} occurs in the kidney using {{c3::25-hydroxycholecalciferol 1-hydroxylase (sometimes just called 1-hydroxyl…
Published	09/14/2024	{{c1::Cacitriol}} is the most potent and active form of vitamin D
Published	09/14/2024	{{c2::Low}} phosphate directly stimulates {{c1::1-hydroxylase}} (calcetriol).
Published	09/14/2024	{{c1::Low}} calcium stimulates production of {{c2::parathyroid hormone (PTH)}}.  PTH {{c3::stimulates}} 1-hydroxlase
Published	09/14/2024	Calcitriol production inhibits {{c1::1-hydroxlase}} through feedback inhibition.
Published	09/14/2024	Low {{c1::calcium}} in the diet will result in elevated levels of calcitriol in order to mobilize {{c1::calcium}} in the bone.
Published	09/14/2024	Low calcium stimulates {{c1::parathyroid hormone (PTH)}}. {{c1::PTH}} in turn stimulates {{c2::1-hydroxylase}} to make calcitriol. {{c3::PTH}} and {{c…
Published	09/14/2024	Calcitriol {{c1::stimulates}} intestinal absorption of calcium (increases expression of a specific calcium binding protein, {{c2::calbindin}})
Published	09/14/2024	Deficiency of vitamin D causes {{c1::rickets}} in children and {{c1::osteomalacia}} in adults
Published	09/14/2024	Deficiency of vitamin D can be caused by (4): 1. {{c1::lack of sunlight}} (more likely to happen in winter, darker skin more vulnerable)2. {…
Published	09/14/2024	{{c1::Renal osteodystrophy}} is a chronic kidney disease decreases the ability to make the most active form of vitamin {{c2::D}}
Published	09/14/2024	High doses pf Vitamin {{c1::D}} can cause {{c2::hypercalcemia}} with soft tissue damage due to calcium deposition (particularly kidney and artery).&nb…
Published	09/14/2024	High doses of vitamin D can actually cause {{c1::resorption}} of calcium from bone (despite an already present hypercalcemia!) so can actually cause b…
Published	09/14/2024	Vitamin {{c1::K}} plays a principal role is the {{c2::post-translational::when}} carboxylation of proteins, most of which are involved in {{c3::blood …
Published	09/14/2024	Functional clotting factors II (prothrombin), VII, IX, and X require {{c1::carboxylation}} of several {{c2::glutamate}} residues by vitamin {{c3::K}}
Published	09/14/2024	{{c2::Warfarin}} is a synthetic vitamin K analog that interferes with the regeneration of active vitamin {{c1::K}}, therefore {{c2::Warfarin}} inhibit…
Published	09/14/2024	{{c1::Carboxyl}} groups on clotting factors are critical for function. The {{c1::carboxyl groups}} bind {{c2::calcium}}
Published	09/14/2024	Vitamin K deficiency is {{c1::rare}} because vitamin K is produced by intestinal bacteria. Symptoms may be seen when taking {{c2::antibiotics}} or wit…
Published	09/14/2024	{{c1::Newborns}} are particularly prone to Vitamin {{c2::K}} deficiency, because they do not yet have intestinal bacteria and breast milk is relativel…
Published	09/14/2024	Vitimin K is only toxic at {{c1::repeated high::how often/strength}} doses
Published	09/14/2024	{{c1::Vitamin E}} has the primary function is as an fat soluble {{c2::antioxidant}}, for example to prevent lipid peroxidation in membranes
Published	09/14/2024	Deficiency in Vitamin K can cause symptoms (2):1. {{c1::hemolytic anemia }}2. {{c2::peripheral neuropathy}}
Published	09/14/2024	Vitamin E is relatively {{c1::not toxic::toxic or not toxic}} even at high doses.
Published	09/14/2024	The most common cause of Vitamen E deficiency is {{c1::fat malabsorption}} or {{c1::premature infants}}.
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