Notes in Week 1

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	09/24/2023	The 6 targets for antimicrobial therapy are{{c1::Folate metabolism}}{{c2::Cell wall}}{{c3::DNA synthesis}}{{c4::RNA synthesis}}{{c5::Protein synthesis…
Published	10/03/2023	Common {{c2::anti-metabolites}}: {{c3::sulfamethoxazole}} + {{c3::trimethoprim}} ({{c1::bactrim}})
Published	09/24/2023	Common {{c1::cell wall inhibitor (beta-lactam)}} categories:{{c2::Penicillins}}{{c3::Cephahlosporins}}{{c4::Glycopeptides}}{{c5::Carbapenems}}{{c6::Mo…
Published	09/24/2023	Penicillin G, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, and Nafcillin are all examples of {{c1::Penicillins}}
Published	09/24/2023	Cephalexin, Cefazolin, and Cefoxitin are all examples of {{c1::Cephahlosporins}}
Published	10/03/2023	Vancomycin is a type of {{c1::Glycopeptide}} and are used to treat {{c2::MRSA}}
Published	09/24/2023	Imipenem and Meropenem are examples of {{c1::Carbapenems}}
Published	09/24/2023	Aztreonam is a type of {{c1::Monobactam}}
Published	09/24/2023	Common {{c1::DNA synthesis inhibitors}}: Metronidazole ({{c2::Flagyl}}) and Quinolones ({{c3::Ciprofloxacin/floxacins}})
Published	09/24/2023	Common {{c1::RNA synthesis inhibitors}}: Rifampin ({{c2::Rifamycin}})These inhibit the bacterial {{c3::RNA polymerase}}
Published	09/26/2023	Common {{c1::protein synthesis inhibitors}}: Tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, aminogylcosides ({{c2::gentamycin/streptomycins}}), macrolides ({{c3…
Published	09/24/2023	Common {{c1::cell membrane inhibitors}}: Isoniazid
Published	09/24/2023	MOA of folate anti-metabolites: Prevents bacteria from making essential {{c1::folic acid}}, which prevents {{c2::nucleotide}} synthesis. This mea…
Published	09/24/2023	Bactrim, a combination of drugs, is used to avoid {{c1::drug resistance}}
Published	09/24/2023	Lipopolysaccharides, or {{c1::endotoxins}}, are unique to gram {{c2::negative}} bacteria
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Published	09/24/2023	Penicillin's key structure is the {{c1::B-lactam ring}}. It was unable to be given orally because the {{c2::low stomach pH}} opened the&nbsp…
Published	09/24/2023	The first orally available penicillin was {{c1::amoxicillin}}
Published	09/24/2023	{{c1::Augmentin}} is a combination of {{c2::amoxicillin}} and {{c2::clavulanic acid}}.
Published	09/24/2023	{{c1::Clavulanic acid}} in Augmentin inhibits {{c2::penicillinase}} (also called {{c2::B-lactamase}}) which inactivates {{c3::penicilli…
Published	09/24/2023	{{c1::Zosyn}} is a combination drug of {{c2::piperacillin}} and {{c2::tazobactam}}. It is mostly used in {{c3::intensive care}} setting…
Published	09/24/2023	Penicillins are most effective against gram {{c1::positive}} bacteria
Published	09/24/2023	{{c2::1st}} generation cephalosporins: cefazolinCovers {{c1::MSSA}} and {{c1::PEcK}}
Published	09/24/2023	Gram {{c2::negative}} bacteria impacted by cephalosporins:PEcKHENP{{c1::roteus}}E.c{{c3::oli}}K{{c4::lebsiella}}H{{c5::aemophilus}}E{{c6::nterobactor}…
Published	09/24/2023	{{c1::2nd}} generation cephalosporins: cefoxitinCovers {{c2::MSSA}} and {{c2::HENPEcK}}
Published	09/24/2023	{{c1::3rd}} generation cephalosporins: ceftriaxoneLess active against {{c2::MSSA}}, but has greater gram-negative coverageEnters the {{c3::C…
Published	09/24/2023	{{c1::4th}} generation cephalosporins: cefepime (taken via {{c2::IV}} only)
Published	09/24/2023	{{c3::Quinolones}} MOA: inhibits bacterial {{c1::gyrase}}, preventing {{c2::DNA replication}}
Published	09/24/2023	As you move through the generations of fluoroquinolones, the drugs pick up greater gram {{c1::positive}} coverage
Published	09/24/2023	As you move through the generations of cephalosporins, the drugs pick up greater gram {{c1::negative}} coverage
Published	09/24/2023	{{c1::Metronidazole (flagyl)}} MOA: inhibits nucleic acid synthesis by forming {{c2::nitroso radicals}}. This only occurs when it is partially&nb…
Published	09/24/2023	{{c1::Rifampin/rifamycin}} is the only RNA synthesis inhibitor in clinical use, useful for treating {{c2::TB}}. Can lead to {{c3::red}} urin…
Published	09/24/2023	{{c1::Isoniazid (INH)}} MOA: inhibits synthesis of {{c2::mycolic acid}}Useful in treating {{c3::mycobacterium (TB)}} infectionsApproved for&…
Published	09/24/2023	{{c1::Bacteriostatic}} drugs stop bacterial growth, while {{c1::bactericidal}} drugs kill the bacteria. For immunocompromised patients, use …
Published	09/24/2023	{{c1::Nosocomial}} bacteria are more drug-resistant and difficult to treat
Published	09/24/2023	Mechanisms for developing drug resistance{{c1::Degrade}} the drugChange the {{c2::targets/binding sites}}Increase {{c3::efflux}} pumpsAlter …
Published	09/26/2023	{{c1::Embryonic}} stage of lung development: Occurs between weeks {{c4::4-7}}. Starts with the {{c2::lung bud}} and ends with the {{c3:…
Published	09/26/2023	{{c1::Pseudoglandular}} stage of lung development: Occurs between weeks {{c4::5-17}}. Starts with the {{c2::endodermal tubules}} and ends wi…
Published	09/26/2023	{{c1::Canalicular}} stage of lung development: Occurs between weeks {{c4::16-25}}. Starts with the {{c2::terminal bronchioles}} and ends wit…
Published	09/26/2023	{{c1::Saccular}} stage of lung development: Occurs between weeks {{c4::26-birth}}. Starts with the {{c2::alveolar ducts}} and ends with the&…
Published	09/26/2023	{{c1::Alveolar}} stage of lung development: Occurs between weeks {{c4::36 - 8 years}}. Starts with the {{c2::terminal sacs}} and ends with t…
Published	09/27/2023	Errors at the {{c1::embryonic}} stage of lung development can lead to tracheoesophageal fistula
Published	09/26/2023	Respiration is capable at {{c1::25}} weeks
Published	09/26/2023	Pneumocytes develop at {{c1::20}} weeks
Published	09/26/2023	In utero, "breathing" occurs via aspiration and expulsion of {{c1::amniotic fluid}}. This {{c2::increases}} vascular resistance
Published	09/26/2023	The lung bud is separated from the foregut through the {{c1::tracheoesophageal}} septum
Published	09/26/2023	The cartilaginous, muscular, and connective tissue of the trachea/lungs are derived from the {{c1::meso}}derm
Published	09/26/2023	The epithelium and internal lining of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs is derived from the {{c1::endo}}derm
Published	09/26/2023	At birth, the {{c1::amniotic fluid}} is replaced with {{c2::air}}. This {{c3::decreases}} pulmonary vascular resistance
Published	09/27/2023	{{c1::Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH)}}: defect in {{c2::diaphragm}} allows {{c3::abdominal}} organs to migrate to the chest, compress…
Published	09/26/2023	{{c1::Pulmonary hypoplasia}}: {{c2::underdevelopment}} of the lungs, can be caused by CDH, {{c3::oligohydramnios}}, or thoracic abnormalitie…
Published	09/27/2023	{{c1::Cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM)/congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM)}}: common pulmonary defect that causes {{c2::cystic lesio…
Published	09/26/2023	{{c1::Pulmonary sequestration}}: portion of lung does not function properly because it is not connected to airway system and usually has anomalous&nbs…
Published	09/26/2023	{{c1::Bronchogenic cysts}}: cysts that arise from embryonic {{c2::foregut}} and causes compression
Published	09/26/2023	{{c1::Tracheal atresia}}: congenital condition where {{c2::trachea fails to develop}}
Published	09/26/2023	{{c1::Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TEF)}}: Abnormal connection between the {{c2::esophagus}} and {{c2::trachea}}.
Published	09/26/2023	{{c1::Lobar Emphysema or Congenital Lobar Overinflation}}: One or more lobes of the lungs are {{c2::overinflated}}, leading to compression of the…
Published	09/26/2023	{{c1::Bronchial Atresia}}: A portion of the bronchial tree is abnormally {{c2::closed}} or {{c2::absent}}.
Published	09/26/2023	Fetal breathing movements begin {{c1::before}} birth
Published	09/26/2023	The {{c1::dorsal respiratory group}} is located in the {{c2::medulla oblongata}}. It {{c4::initiates}} respiration and determines the {…
Published	09/26/2023	The {{c1::pons}} controls the {{c2::rate/speed}} of {{c3::involuntary}} respiration
Published	09/26/2023	The {{c1::apneustic}} center of the pons excites the {{c2::dorstal respiratory group}}, leading to {{c3::prolonged}} inspiration
Published	09/26/2023	The {{c1::pneumotaxic}} center of the pons limits the action of the {{c2::phrenic}} nerve. This leads to {{c3::reduced}} inspiration
Published	09/26/2023	The most important histological difference between the bronchi and bronchiole is {{c1::cartilage}}
Published	09/26/2023	The {{c1::external}} intercostals are involved in inspiration
Published	09/26/2023	The {{c1::internal}} intercostals are involved in expiration
Published	09/26/2023	The scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, and pectoralis is involved in {{c1::forced inspiration}} in the respiratory system
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Published	09/26/2023	The club cells appear starting from the {{c1::bronchioles}}
Published	09/26/2023	Type of epithelium for:Bronchi: {{c1::pseudostratified ciliated columnar}} epitheliumBronchioles: {{c2::simple ciliated columnar}} epitheliu…
Published	09/26/2023	The conducting zone is between the {{c1::trachea}} and {{c1::terminal bronchiole}}
Published	09/27/2023	{{c1::Medium-sized}} bronchi have the highest {{c2::resistance}}
Published	09/26/2023	{{c2::Cross-sectional area}} exponentially increases in the {{c1::respiratory zone}}
Published	09/26/2023	Expiratory wheezing in COPD is heard due to air passing through {{c1::narrow airways}}
Published	09/26/2023	Airflow is very sensitive to changes in {{c1::radius}}
Published	09/26/2023	Conducting airway is supplied by {{c1::bronchial}} arteries
Published	09/26/2023	Pulmonary arteries have {{c1::high}} flow, {{c1::low}} pressure, and are {{c1::highly}} compliant
Published	09/26/2023	Bronchial arteries eventually flow into the {{c1::pulmonary}} veins
Published	10/03/2023	Lymph in the respiratory system starts draining in the {{c1::bronchopulmonary}} lymph nodes and ends in the junction of the {{c2::internal j…
Published	09/26/2023	First branching of bronchial tree to have gas exchange: {{c1::respiratory bronchioles}}
Published	09/26/2023	The respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs form the {{c1::respiratory}} zone
Published	09/26/2023	Which respiratory zone structure has highest surface area for gas exchange: {{c1::alveoli}}
Published	09/26/2023	Type {{c1::1}} pneumocytes are involved in gas exchange
Published	09/26/2023	Type {{c1::2}} pneumocytes produce {{c2::surfactant}} and regenerates {{c3::both type 1/2 pneumocytes}}
Published	09/26/2023	Other names for alveolar macrophages: {{c1::pac man}} and {{c1::heart failure}} cells
Published	09/26/2023	O2 and CO2 move between air and blood by {{c1::simple diffusion}}
Published	09/26/2023	The wall of the pulmonary capillary is a single layer of {{c1::squamous}} epithelium
Published	09/26/2023	Air moves out of the lung when pressure inside the lung is {{c1::greater than}} the atmospheric pressure
Published	09/26/2023	Forces of chest wall/lung:The lung tends to {{c1::collapse inwards}} while the chest wall tends to {{c2::recoil outwards}}
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Published	09/26/2023	Compliance is a measure of {{c1::distensibility}}
Published	09/26/2023	Inverse of compliance is {{c1::elastance}}
Published	09/26/2023	Lung compliance is determined by {{c1::elastic recoil}} and {{c2::surface tension}}
Published	09/27/2023	At {{c2::FRC}}, the expanding force of the chest wall and collapsing force of the lung is {{c1::equal and opposite}}
Published	09/27/2023	{{c1::Emphysema}} leads to a/an {{c2::increased}} compliance, a {{c2::steeper}} curve, and {{c2::greater}} FRC
Published	09/26/2023	{{c1::Fibrosis}} leads to a/an {{c2::decreased}} compliance, a {{c2::flatter}} curve, and {{c2::decreased}} FRC
Published	09/26/2023	There are {{c1::23}} generationsThe conducting zone is from generation {{c2::1-16}}The respiratory zone is from generation {{c2::17-23}…
Published	09/27/2023	Most common pneumonia causing bacteria: {{c1::streptococcus pneumoniae}}, {{c2::staphylococcus aureus}}, and {{c3::mycobacterium tuberc…
Published	09/26/2023	Most common pneumonia causing viruses: {{c1::influenza}} and {{c1::COVID-19}}
Published	09/26/2023	Most common pneumonia causing fungi: {{c1::coccidioidomycosis}}, {{c2::histoplasmosis}}, {{c3::blastomycosis}}
Published	09/27/2023	Common clinical symptoms of pneumonia include: {{c1::dyspnea}}, {{c2::tachypnea}}, {{c3::cough}}, and {{c4::dullness}} to percussi…
Published	09/26/2023	Why may atypical/"walking" pneumonia show different symptoms? Inflammation is {{c1::interstitial}}
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Published	09/26/2023	Inflammatory stages of lobar pneumonia:{{c1::Congestion}}: edema, neutrophils{{c2::Red hepatization}}: neutrophils, RBCs and fibrin fills alveolar spa…
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Published	09/26/2023	{{c1::Granulomatous}} pneumonia is characterized as a {{c2::caseous}} necrosis that results in localized {{c3::lesions}}
Published	09/26/2023	{{c1::Empyema}}: infection of {{c2::pleural cavity}}
Published	09/26/2023	Hallmark of invasive cancer: penetration of {{c1::basement membrane}}
Published	09/26/2023	{{c1::Adenocarcinoma}}: Most common lung cancer in {{c2::non-smokers}}Malignant glandular differentiation, possible {{c3::mucin}} production…
Published	09/27/2023	{{c1::Small cell carcinoma}}:Almost always {{c2::smoking}} relatedHighly {{c3::malignant}}, widely {{c3::metastatic}}{{c4::Small::small…
Published	09/26/2023	Example of {{c1::adenocarcinoma}}
Published	09/26/2023	This is an example of {{c1::small cell carcinoma}}
Published	09/26/2023	This is an example of {{c1::malignant mesothelioma}}
Published	09/27/2023	{{c1::Malignant mesothelioma}}:Associated with {{c2::asbestos}} exposureDiffuse pleural {{c3::thickening}}
Published	09/26/2023	This is an example of a {{c1::carcinoid tumor}}
Published	09/26/2023	{{c1::Carcinoid tumor}}:Uniform cells in a variety of histologic patterns, including "{{c2::organoid}}"Often {{c3::bronchial}}Common in {{c4…
Published	09/26/2023	This is an example of {{c1::squamous carcinoma}}
Published	09/26/2023	{{c1::Squamous cell carcinoma}}:Usually {{c2::smoking}} relatedCan see intercellular {{c3::bridges}} and/or {{c4::keratinization}}Precursor&…
Published	09/26/2023	Difference between PA and AP chest X-ray:Clavicle is {{c1::more}} angled on PAScapula is {{c2::away}} from chest on PA
Published	09/26/2023	Case A is {{c1::under}}exposedCase B is {{c1::over}}exposed
Published	09/26/2023	{{c1::Over}}exposure leads to risk of obscuring a {{c2::pneumothorax/emphysema}}
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Published	09/27/2023	Down syndrome is commonly caused by {{c1::trisomy}} of chromosome {{c2::21}}
Published	09/27/2023	{{c1::Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome}} is caused by relaxation of IGF2 {{c2::imprinting}} on the {{c3::maternal}} allele
Published	09/27/2023	{{c1::Achondroplasia}} is caused by a {{c2::single nucleotide}} variant of {{c3::FGFR3}}
Published	09/27/2023	Exome sequencing and gene panels are best used to test {{c1::single nucleotide}} and {{c1::indel}} variants
Published	09/27/2023	{{c2::Chromosomal microarrays}} are best used to test {{c1::copy number}} variants
Published	09/27/2023	The red tiles would indicate {{c1::duplication}}The green tiles would indicate {{c1::deletion}}
Published	09/27/2023	The {{c1::superficial}} lymphatic drainage of the lungs is present along the {{c2::pleural}} surface
Published	09/27/2023	The {{c1::deep (intrapulmonary)}} lymphatic drainage of the lungs is present adjacent to the {{c2::bronchovascular}} bundle and along the {{…
Published	09/27/2023	{{c1::Transmural/trans-pulmonary (Ptm)}} pressure is the pressure that is overall acting on the {{c2::alveoli}} that affects the direction of air…
Published	09/27/2023	{{c1::Ptm (transmural pressure)}} = {{c2::PA}} - {{c2::PIP}}
Published	09/27/2023	This is an example of {{c1::hydropneumothorax}}
Published	09/27/2023	This is an example of {{c1::pleural effusion}}
Published	09/27/2023	This is an example of {{c1::pneumothorax}}
Published	09/27/2023	This is an example of {{c1::tuberculosis}}
Published	09/27/2023	{{c1::Spirometry}} is the single most important pulmonary function test. It measures {{c2::volume}} and {{c2::flow}} over time
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Published	09/27/2023	Quality standards for spirometry:Exhalation for {{c1::6}} secondsFull {{c2::inspiration}} before maximal {{c2::exhalation}}Repeatable e…
Published	09/27/2023	Forced expiratory volume (FEV1):Measures volume of air exhaled in 1st second of FVC effortIndicates large and small {{c1::airway}} functionPrimar…
Published	09/27/2023	Forced Vital Capacity (FVC):Volume between {{c1::residual volume}} and {{c1::total lung capacity}}Indicates degree of {{c2::lung}} and&…
Published	09/27/2023	FEV1/FVC ratioSpirometric variable that defines {{c1::obstruction}}
Published	10/03/2023	This FV loop indicates a/an {{c1::obstructive}} pattern and would have a low {{c2::FEV1/FVC ratio}}
Published	09/27/2023	Severity of obstruction is defined by the {{c1::z-score}}
Published	09/27/2023	Common obstructive diseases:{{c1::Asthma}}{{c2::Bronchiectasis}}{{c3::COPD (chronic bronchitis, emphysema)}}{{c4::Cystic fibrosis}}{{c5::Bronchiolitis…
Published	09/27/2023	{{c1::Bronchoprovocation}} tests help confirm {{c2::asthma}}. It involves administration of a stimulus (most common: {{c3::methacholine}}) t…
Published	09/27/2023	{{c1::Variable intrathoracic}} obstruction:Inspiratory limb is {{c2::normal}}Expiratory limb is {{c2::flattened}}Common causes include {{c3:…
Published	09/27/2023	{{c1::Variable extrathoracic}} obstruction:Location of obstruction {{c2::above}} thoracic inletInspiration limb is {{c3::flattened}}Expirato…
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Published	09/27/2023	Plethysmography (body box) is the best method for {{c1::lung volume}} determination
Published	09/27/2023	{{c2::Obstructive}} lung diseases will have a {{c1::decreased}} FEV1/FVC ratio, while {{c2::restrictive}} lung diseases will have a {{c1::no…
Published	09/27/2023	{{c2::Diffusion capacity (DLCO)}} measures the ease with which gases diffuse across the {{c1::alveolar-capillary-RBC}} membrane
Published	09/27/2023	Small lung volumes can be caused by {{c2::decreased}} compliance of the {{c1::lung}} or {{c1::chest wall}}
Published	09/27/2023	Large lung volumes can be caused by {{c1::increased}} lung compliance, such as in {{c2::emphysema}}
Published	09/27/2023	{{c1::Fixed airway}} obstruction:Inspiratory limb is {{c2::flattened}}Expiratory limb is {{c2::flattened}}Examples include {{c3::tracheal st…
Published	09/27/2023	Example of {{c1::variable intrathoracic}} obstruction
Published	09/27/2023	Example of {{c1::variable extrathoracic}} obstruction
Published	09/27/2023	Example of {{c1::fixed airway}} obstruction
Published	09/27/2023	Normal spirometry but low DLCO: {{c1::pulmonary vascular disease}} and {{c2::anemia}}
Published	10/03/2023	Abnormal spirometry and low DLCO:Restrictive: {{c1::interstitial lung disease}}, {{c1::pneumonitis}}Obstructive: {{c2::emphysema}}, {{c2::cystic fibro…
Published	09/27/2023	Increased DLCO can be caued by {{c1::decreased}} alveolar pO2 (altitude) or {{c2::increased}} blood volume (polycythemia, pulmonary alveolar hemo…
Published	10/03/2023	Physical exam findings associated with {{c5::lobar}} pneumonia:{{c1::Bronchophony}}{{c2::Egophony}}{{c3::Whispered pectoriloquy}}{{c4::Coarse crackles…
Published	09/27/2023	C{{c1::onfusion}}U{{c2::rea > 7mmol/L}}R{{c3::espiratory rate > 30}}B{{c4::lood pressure (SBP <90, DBP <60)}}{{c5::Age}} >65
Published	09/27/2023	With inpatient pneumonia, you should give {{c1::fluoroquinolone}} or {{c2::combination therapy}}
Published	09/27/2023	With outpatient pneumonia, common medications would include {{c1::amoxicillin}}, {{c2::doxycycline}}, and {{c3::macrolides}}
Published	09/27/2023	With {{c2::MRSA}} risk factors in pneumonia, add {{c1::IV vancomycin}} and {{c1::linexolid}}
Status	Last Update	Fields