Notes in Week 4

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Published	10/16/2023	{{c1::Dyslipidemia}} is the elevation of {{c2::plasma cholesterol}} and/or {{c2::triglycerides}} OR low levels of {{c3::HDL-C}} that contributes to de…
Published	10/16/2023	Causes of dyslipidemia can be primary ({{c1::genetic}}) or secondary ({{c2::diet, exercise, medications, etc.}})
Published	10/16/2023	High risk levels for cholesterol markers are:Total cholesterol: >{{c1::240}} mg/dLLDL cholesterol: >{{c2::160}} mg/dLHDL: <{{c3::40}} mg/dL
Published	10/16/2023	{{c1::Cholesteryl ester}} is the form we store and transport cholesterol
Published	10/23/2023	{{c2::LDL::LDL/HDL/Triglycerides}} has a long {{c1::half-life}} of several days
Published	10/16/2023	a1b0bf5eb0834a319872ad78b7c14d4b-ao-1
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Published	10/16/2023	A high level of triglycerides would be >{{c1::200}} mg/dL
Published	10/16/2023	Most genetic causes of dyslipidemia are due to mutations in:{{c1::LDL receptor}}{{c2::APO-B}} protein{{c3::PCSK9}} that helps degrade LDL receptor{{c4…
Published	10/16/2023	PCKS9 helps {{c1::degrade}} LDL receptors in {{c2::lysosomes}}. PCKS9 inhibitors {{c3::increase}} LDL receptors and {{c3::decrease}} plasma cholestero…
Published	10/16/2023	We can synthesize cholesterol from {{c1::acetate}}
Published	10/16/2023	Insulin {{c1::promotes}} synthesis of cholesterol and glucagon {{c1::inhibits}} synthesis of cholesterol
Published	10/16/2023	Common lipid-lowering drugs:{{c1::Statins}}: #1 lipid-lowering medication{{c2::Fish oils}}: Also known as omega-3 fatty acids, one prescription exampl…
Published	10/16/2023	Common statin side effects include:Elevation of {{c1::liver}} enzymes (ALT/AST){{c2::Muscle}} pain
Published	10/16/2023	Common side effect of Niacin is {{c1::cutaneous flushing}}
Published	10/16/2023	Common side effects of orlistat are {{c1::bloating}} and {{c2::fatty stools (steatorrhea)}}
Published	10/23/2023	Common side effect of {{c3::fibrates}} are elevated {{c1::ALT/AST}} levels. Contraindicated to take in combination with {{c2::statins}}
Published	10/16/2023	Cholesterol serves as the building block to produce {{c1::corticosteroids}} in the adrenals and {{c1::steroid}} hormones in the gonads
Published	10/16/2023	The rate limiting step of cholesterol synthesis is the production of {{c1::melavonic acid}} using the enzyme {{c2::HMG CoA reductase}}
Published	10/16/2023	In cholesterol synthesis, {{c2::SREBP}} binding to {{c3::SRE}} is essential for transcription. When sufficient cholesterol is present, transcription i…
Published	10/16/2023	{{c1::SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP)}} is an intracellular cholesterol sensor
Published	10/16/2023	At {{c1::low}} ATP or {{c1::high}} AMP, cholesterol synthesis {{c2::decreases}}
Published	10/16/2023	The first step of atherosclerosis is {{c1::endothelial injury}}, which can be caused by hypertension, free radicals, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and hom…
Published	10/16/2023	{{c1::Fatty streaks}} are composed of lipid-filled {{c2::foam cells}}
Published	10/16/2023	In atherosclerosis after the endothelial injury, {{c2::smooth muscle}} cells migrate from the {{c1::media}} to the {{c1::intima}} and proliferate
Published	10/16/2023	Symptomatic atherosclerotic diseases:Internal carotid arteries and circle of willis: {{c1::stroke}}Ascending or abdominal arteries: {{c2::aortic aneur…
Published	10/16/2023	The way to differentiate unstable angina and MI is through a {{c1::troponin}} test
Published	10/16/2023	Main modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease is {{c1::hyperlipidemia}}, {{c2::hypertension}}, {{c3::cigarette smoking}}, and {{c4::diabete…
Published	10/19/2023	9efb6e23b84f46cdb157413369a3ba4f-ao-1
Published	10/16/2023	9efb6e23b84f46cdb157413369a3ba4f-ao-2
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Published	10/16/2023	Choice of initial medication for hypertension:{{c1::ACE inhibitors}}{{c2::Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)}}{{c3::Calcium channel blockers (CCB)}}…
Published	10/16/2023	cf57ca5a0dce4fa5adc62791a3a0e062-ao-1
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Published	10/16/2023	You use 1 medication for stage {{c1::1}} hypertension and 2 medications for stage {{c1::2}} hypertension
Published	10/16/2023	Avoid combining {{c1::ARBs}} and {{c1::ACE inhibitors}} when managing hypertension
Published	10/19/2023	{{c5::Hyperaldosteronism}} is a cause of {{c1::secondary::primary/secondary}} hypertension and leads to {{c2::hypo}}kalemia, metabolic {{c3::alkalosis…
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Published	10/23/2023	278649a35ac849808da3fd4f0740f4e1-ao-2
Published	10/16/2023	278649a35ac849808da3fd4f0740f4e1-ao-3
Published	10/19/2023	278649a35ac849808da3fd4f0740f4e1-ao-4
Published	10/19/2023	S1 and S2 heart sounds correspond with {{c1::AV valve closing}} and {{c1::semilunar valve closing}} respectively
Published	10/19/2023	The majority of murmurs are {{c1::benign}}
Published	10/19/2023	59deb2b4c66048a993dc181730f13fa7-ao-1
Published	10/19/2023	{{c1::Low}} heart sounds ({{c2::S3}}, {{c2::S4}}) are heard best with the {{c3::bell}}{{c1::High}} heart sounds ({{c2::S1}}, {{c2::S2}}) are best hear…
Published	10/19/2023	Splitting of the first heart sound is normal, with the {{c1::mitral}} valve closure happening before {{c1::tricuspid}} valve closure
Published	10/19/2023	When the 2nd heart sound splits, {{c1::A2}} will generally happen before {{c1::P2}}, with {{c2::inspiration}} accentuating the split
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Published	10/19/2023	87d511f3aa9c4d38a9f59e741505686e-ao-1
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Published	10/19/2023	{{c2::Atrial septal defect}} leads to {{c1::fixed split S2}} murmur
Published	10/19/2023	Pleural fluid is reabsorbed by the {{c1::lymphatic}} system in the {{c2::parietal}} pleura
Published	10/19/2023	Pleural effusion is caused by increased {{c1::pleural fluid}} formation or decreased lymphatic {{c2::drainage}}
Published	10/19/2023	ae285fc67a4d40b08ba697a64a27fb52-oa-1
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Published	10/19/2023	{{c1::Thoracentesis}} is removal of pleural fluid trans thoracically
Published	10/19/2023	{{c1::Re-expansion pulmonary ededma}} is an uncommon complication of {{c2::thoracentesis}}
Published	10/19/2023	55a9a2f253a54a409a6b27910e8257c2-ao-1
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Published	10/19/2023	{{c1::Transudative}} effusions are caused by CHF, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, and hypoalbuminemia
Published	10/19/2023	07a12212c7cb4f0f8612e070fab1563a-ao-1
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Published	10/19/2023	Indications for chest tube drainage in parapneumonic effusion:{{c1::Loculated}}Positive {{c2::gram stain/culture}}{{c3::Thick}} puspH {{c4::<7.2}}G…
Published	10/19/2023	A {{c1::complicated parapneumomic effusion}} is associated with pulmonary infection and does not resolve without intervention
Published	10/19/2023	A complicated parapneumonic effusion is considered an empyema if you get a positive {{c1::gram stain}} or you drain {{c2::pus}}
Published	10/19/2023	{{c1::Pleurisy}} is where inflammation of pleura leads to loss of {{c2::smooth sliding movement}} of the two pleura
Published	10/19/2023	Main symptom of pleurisy is {{c1::sharp/stabbing}} pain during {{c2::respiration }}
Published	10/19/2023	25220c0a47834b9c83e15e816a543c47-oa-1
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Published	10/19/2023	eb54337cb8ea4a898fcc32d6698737be-ao-1
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Published	10/19/2023	A {{c1::secondary}} pneumothorax is due to an {{c2::underlying disease}}
Published	10/19/2023	8451bcde971f4a03a5edc14b3a7d4392-ao-1
Published	10/19/2023	8451bcde971f4a03a5edc14b3a7d4392-ao-2
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Published	10/19/2023	Demographics of primary spontaneous pneumothorax: {{c1::young::age}}, {{c2::tall, thin::physical description}}, {{c3::males::sex}}, mainly {{c4::smoke…
Published	10/19/2023	For a large pneumothorax, place {{c1::small bore chest tube}}
Published	10/19/2023	Tension pneumothorax is recognized by {{c1::hypo}}tension and {{c1::tachy}}cardia, as well as {{c2::distended}} neck veins
Published	10/19/2023	Tension pneumothorax will show a {{c1::mediastinal}} shift or {{c1::tracheal}} deviation on {{c2::chest x-ray}}
Published	10/23/2023	Treatment of tension pneumothorax involves immediate {{c1::needle decompression}} followed by {{c2::chest tube placement}}
Published	10/19/2023	Most common cause of acute pericarditis is {{c1::idiopathic}}
Published	10/19/2023	Main treatment for acute pericarditis is {{c1::NSAIDs}}, {{c2::colchicine}}, and {{c3::steroids}}
Published	10/19/2023	Main symptoms of acute pericarditis is {{c1::sharp, pleuritic}} chest pain that is worse {{c2::supine}} and better {{c2::leaning forward}}
Published	10/19/2023	Exam indications for acute pericarditis is a dynamic {{c1::friction rub}}
Published	10/19/2023	This is an example of acute {{c1::pericarditis}}
Published	10/19/2023	{{c1::Cardiac tamponade}} is a complication of pericardial effusion and affects {{c2::diastolic}} filling of the heart
Published	10/19/2023	The most helpful type of imaging when cardiac tamponade is suspected is {{c1::echocardiogram}}
Published	10/19/2023	Treatment for cardiac tamponade will generally require {{c1::pericardiocentesis}}
Published	10/19/2023	{{c1::Diuretics}} are generally not recommended for cardiac tamponade as it can worsen tamponade physiology
Published	10/23/2023	554e1e9ece1f4c95a55d46256702de28-ao-1
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Published	10/23/2023	23d367b5937045249f42d21acd7cae9c-ao-1
Published	10/23/2023	23d367b5937045249f42d21acd7cae9c-ao-2
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Published	10/23/2023	This is an example of {{c1::B-lines}}, also known as a {{c2::comet tail}}
Published	10/23/2023	B-lines and normal lung sliding on POCUS are signs of {{c1::pulmonary edema}}
Published	10/23/2023	{{c1::Pneumothorax}} is seen as absent lung sliding on POCUS
Published	10/23/2023	This is an example of {{c1::pleural effusion}}
Published	10/23/2023	1eef87e508b14fa4a9e5eb17a463bfd4-ao-1
Published	10/23/2023	This is a {{c1::subcostal/subxiphoid}} view of the heart
Published	10/23/2023	This is a {{c1::parasternal long}} view of the heart
Published	10/23/2023	This is a {{c1::parasternal short}} view of the heart
Published	10/23/2023	This is a {{c1::apical four chamber}} view of the heart
Published	10/23/2023	This is an example of {{c1::pericardial effusion}}
Published	10/23/2023	This is an example of {{c1::cardiac tamponade}}
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Status	Last Update	Fields