Notes in 20 CV Physiology & Anesthesia

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Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Intercalated disks}} allow for the rapid and orderly spread of cardiac depolarization.
Published	12/13/2023	During the refractory period, membrane-bound {{c1::Na+-K+-ATPase}} concentrates K+ {{c2::intracellularly}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The normal ventricular resting membrane potential is {{c1::-90}} mV.
Published	12/13/2023	In most cells, the action potential is initiated by {{c1::voltage-gated sodium}} channels.
Published	12/13/2023	Local anesthetics preferentially binds {{c1::open}} or {{c1::inactivated}} sodium channels.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Intracellular Ca2+}} promotes contraction by binding to {{c1::troponin C}} and causing a conformational change.
Published	12/13/2023	Ca2+ is pumped back into the {{c2::sarcoplasmic reticulum}} by {{c1::Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase}}, also known as the {{c3::SERCA2}} pump.
Published	12/13/2023	Increases in intracellular calcium concentrations are primarily via {{c1::calcium-dependent calcium release}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Calcium flows from the sarcoplasmic reticulum across {{c1::ryanodine}} receptors.
Published	12/13/2023	The quantity of intracellular {{c1::Ca2+::ion}} determines the maximum force of contraction.
Published	12/13/2023	Stimulation of β1 receptors increases intracellular {{c1::cAMP}} levels via coupled {{c2::G proteins}}.
Published	12/13/2023	cAMP increases cardiac contractility by increasing intracellular {{c1::Ca2+}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Acetylcholine depresses {{c2::contractility}} by increasing {{c1::cGMP}} levels.
Published	12/13/2023	Acidosis {{c1::depresses}} cardiac contractility by inhibiting L-type Ca2+ channels.
Published	12/13/2023	Volatile anesthetics depress cardiac contractility by decreasing {{c1::Ca2+}} entry into cells during depolarization.
Published	12/13/2023	Volatile anesthetics depress cardiac contractility by decreasing the sensitivity of {{c1::contractile proteins}} to calcium.
Published	12/13/2023	Which induction agent has the least depressant effect on cardiac contractility?{{c1::Ketamine}}
Published	12/13/2023	Milrinone increases contractility by {{c2::preventing the breakdown}} of {{c1::cAMP}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Acetylcholine acts on {{c1::M2}} receptors in the heart in order to produce myocardial depression.
Published	12/13/2023	Cardiac sympathetic (cardioaccelerator) fibers originate in {{c1::T1-T4::spinal cord segments}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Norepinephrine primarily activates {{c1::β1}} receptors in the heart at lower doses.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c2::right}} sympathetic and vagus nerves primarily affect the {{c1::SA}} node.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c2::left}} sympathetic and vagus nerves primarily affect the {{c1::AV}} node.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Sinus arrhythmia}} is a cyclic variation in the SA node rate during respiration that occurs due to the {{c2::Bainbridge}} reflex.
Published	12/13/2023	On a right atrial waveform (CVP), the {{c1::a}} wave is due to {{c2::atrial systole}}.
Published	12/13/2023	On a right atrial waveform (CVP), the {{c1::c}} wave is due to bulging of the {{c2::tricuspid valve}} during {{c2::ventricular contract…
Published	12/13/2023	On a right atrial waveform (CVP), the {{c1::v}} wave is due to filling against a closed {{c2::tricuspid valve}}.
Published	12/13/2023	A prominent {{c1::cv}} wave on a CVP tracing is due to {{c2::tricuspid regurgitation}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What is the equation for cardiac output?{{c1::CO = SV x HR}}
Published	12/13/2023	The cardiac output adjusted for {{c1::body surface area}} is called the {{c2::cardiac index}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Decreased mixed venous O2 in response to increased demand usually reflects {{c1::inadequate tissue perfusion}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What are the three determinants of stroke volume?{{c1::Preload}}, {{c1::afterload}}, and {{c1::contractility}}
Published	12/13/2023	According to the Frank-Starling mechanism, an increase in {{c1::end-diastolic volume}} increases the {{c2::stroke volume}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Atrial arrhythmias will impair {{c2::ventricular filling}}, especially in patients with {{c1::reduced ventricular compliance}},
Published	12/13/2023	Ventricular compliance measures the relationship between ventricular {{c1::volume}} and {{c1::pressure}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy causes {{c1::diastolic}} dysfunction of the heart.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::right}} ventricle is more compliant than the {{c1::left}} ventricle.
Published	12/13/2023	According to Laplace's law, wall tension is increased by the {{c1::intraventricular pressure}} and the {{c2::ventricular radius.}}
Published	12/13/2023	According to Laplace's law, wall tension is decreased by the {{c1::wall thickness}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The equation to calculate SVR is{{c1::}}
Published	12/13/2023	A normal SVR is {{c1::800}}-{{c1::1200 dyn s cm-5}}
Published	12/13/2023	Left ventricular afterload is mainly dependent on {{c1::SVR}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Right ventricular afterload is mainly dependent on {{c1::PVR}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Left atrial pressure can be approximated with the {{c1::pulmonary capillary wedge}} pressure.
Published	12/13/2023	A normal ejection fraction is > {{c1::60%}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Nitric oxide is synthesized from {{c2::L-arginine}} by the enzyme {{c1::nitric oxide synthetase}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Nitric oxide causes smooth muscle {{c2::relaxation}} by increasing {{c3::cGMP}} levels.
Published	12/13/2023	Sympathetic control of the systemic vasculature passes out of the spinal cord from {{c1::T1}}-{{c1::L2}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::dorsalis pedis::dorsalis pedis or aorta}} has a greater pulse pressure than the {{c1::aorta::dorsalis pedis or aorta}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Peripheral baroceptors are located at the {{c1::bifurcation of the common carotid arteries}} and the {{c2::aortic arch}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Carotid}} baroreceptors send afferent signals to the brain via {{c1::Hering's}} nerve.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Aortic}} baroreceptors send afferent signals to the brain via {{c1::the vagus}} nerve.
Published	12/13/2023	Which portion of the RAAS system is a potent vasoconstrictor?{{c1::Angiotensin II}}
Published	12/13/2023	Vasopressin (ADH) constricts arterioles via {{c1::V1}} receptors.
Published	12/13/2023	Arginine vasopressin exerts its {{c1::antidiuretic}} effect via {{c2::V2}} receptors.
Published	12/13/2023	In 85% of persons, the {{c1::RCA}} gives rise to the {{c2::posterior descending artery::artery}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What coronary artery supplies the inferior wall?{{c1::Right coronary artery → posterior descending artery}}
Published	12/13/2023	What coronary artery supplies the lateral wall?{{c1::Circumflex artery}}
Published	12/13/2023	In most (60%) individuals, the {{c1::RCA}} supplies blood to the SA node.
Published	12/13/2023	The left ventricle is mostly perfused during {{c1::diastole}}.
Published	12/13/2023	LCA coronary perfusion pressure = {{c2::arterial diastolic pressure}} - {{c1::LVEDP}}
Published	12/13/2023	Tachycardia decreases coronary perfusion because of the reduction in {{c1::diastolic filling time}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What layer of the heart is subject to the greatest intramural pressures during systole?{{c1::endocardium}}
Published	12/13/2023	An increase in myocardial oxygen demand must be met by an increase in {{c1::myocardial blood flow}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Ventricular dilation can dilate the {{c1::mitral/triscuspid annulus}}, leading to {{c2::valvular regurgitation}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Sympathetic activation during heart failure decreases {{c1::renal perfusion}}, leading to activation of {{c2::RAAS}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Patients with heart failure may have {{c1::hyponatremia}} due to elevated {{c2::arginine vasopressin}} levels.
Published	12/13/2023	A {{c2::pressure}}-overloaded ventricle will compensate with {{c1::concentric}} hypertrophy.
Published	12/13/2023	A {{c2::volume}}-overloaded ventricle will compensate with {{c1::eccentric}} hypertrophy.
Published	12/13/2023	A decreased {{c1::heart rate}} improves cardiac oxygen supply by increasing the {{c2::diastolic filling}} time.
Published	12/13/2023	A normal PVR is < {{c1::250 dyn s cm-5}}
Published	12/13/2023	A normal pulmonary artery pressure is approximately {{c1::24}}/{{c1::10}} mmHg.
Published	12/13/2023	A normal pulmonary capillary wedge pressure is approximately {{c1::5-10}} mmHg.
Published	12/13/2023	What coronary artery supplies the anterior wall of the heart?{{c1::Left anterior descending (LAD)}}
Published	12/13/2023	A normal cardiac index is {{c1::2.5}} to {{c1::4.2}} L/min/m2
Published	12/13/2023	When ventricular compliance is normal, the {{c1::pulmonary capillary wedge pressure}} can be used to approximate preload.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Decreases}} in the diastolic blood pressure will impair subendocardial blood flow (and coronary perfusion).
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Increases}} in the LVEDP will impair subendocardial blood flow (and coronary perfusion).
Published	12/13/2023	The normal ventricular threshold potential is {{c1::-70}} mV.
Published	12/13/2023	The dorsalis pedis has a {{c1::lower}} diastolic blood pressure than the aorta.
Published	12/13/2023	Ischemia causes {{c1::diastolic}} dysfunction of the heart.
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