Notes in G5 Cartilage & Bone

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	11/02/2024	Cartilage is a form of {{c1::connective}} tissue characterized by cells embedded in a highly specialized {{c1::ECM}}
Published	11/02/2024	Cartilage proper is {{c1::avascular}} and does not have {{c1::nerves}}
Published	11/02/2024	Composition of Cartilage ECM:
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Chondroblasts}} are proliferating, undifferentiated cells that begin the synthesis of cartilage ECM elements
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Chondrocytes}} are fully differentiated ECM-forming cartilage cells with reduced mitotic activity
Published	11/02/2024	Spaces of the ECM occupied by chondrocytes are called {{c1::lacunae}}
Published	11/02/2024	Groups of chondrocytes derived from the same cell are called {{c1::isogenous units/groups}}
Published	11/02/2024	Perichondrium: {{c1::CT surrounding cartilage}} except {{c1::articular}} cartilage and {{c1::fibrocartilage}}
Published	11/02/2024	There is no perichondrium surrounding {{c1::articular cartilage}} or {{c1::fibrocartilage}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The two layers of perichondrium are the outer {{c1::fibrous}} layer and the inner {{c1::cellular}} layer
Published	11/02/2024	The perichondrium functions to support cartilage with underlying {{c1::blood vessels and nerves}} and participate in {{c1::appositional growth}} …
Published	11/02/2024	Describe the process of cartilage formation (4):
Published	11/02/2024	Describe the two methods of cartilage growth:Appositional: {{c1::growth by cell addition to the periphery of the tissue}}Interstitial: {{c1::growth is…
Published	11/02/2024	Cartilage repair is primarily mediated through {{c1::appositional}} growth of the {{c1::perichondrium}}
Published	11/02/2024	The primary organic component of hyaline cartilage is {{c1::type II collagen}}.
Published	11/02/2024	what is elastic cartilage made of?
Published	11/02/2024	Fibrocartilage contains collagen type(s) {{c1::I and II}}
Published	11/02/2024	Do articular cartilage lesions heal?
Published	11/02/2024	In osteoarthritis, {{c1::articular}} cartilage is worn away. This cartilage cannot be replaced due to {{c1::its lack of a perichondrium}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Osteosarcoma}} is a malignant tumor derived from osteoblasts
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Chondrosarcoma}} is a malignant tumor derived from cartilage cells
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Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Hyaline Cartilage}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Hyaline Cartilage}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Elastic cartilage}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Fibrocartilage}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Articular (hyaline) cartilage}}
Published	11/02/2024	The ECM of bone is impregnated with salts of {{c1::calcium}} and {{c1::phosphate}}
Published	11/02/2024	Bone is highly {{c1::vascularized::vascularized/avascular}} and undergoes {{c1::significant turnover::no/limited/significant turnover}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Osteoid}} is unmineralized bone extracellular matrix secreted by osteo{{c1::blasts}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Osteoblasts}} control bone matrix mineralization
Published	11/02/2024	Osteoblasts are found in {{c1::endosteum and osteogenic periosteum}}
Published	11/02/2024	Vitamin D stimluates expression of {{c1::osteocalcin}} in {{c1::osteoblasts}} which is required for bone mineralization
Published	11/02/2024	PTH upregulates osteo{{c1::blast}} production of {{c1::M-CSF}} and {{c1::RANKL}} leading to an increase in osteo{{c1::clast}} {{c1::formation}} and {{…
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Osteocytes}} are mature bone cells entrapped in bone matrix
Published	11/02/2024	Osteocytes are mitotically {{c1::inactive}} and play a role in {{c1::maintaining the bone matrix}}
Published	11/02/2024	Osteocytes are able to detect {{c1::mechanical stresses on bone}}
Published	11/02/2024	Osteoclasts are {{c1::multinucleated}} giant cells formed by the {{c1::fusion of several monocytes}}
Published	11/02/2024	Osteoclasts are localized to sites of bone {{c1::resporption}} (ie {{c1::periostea::specific histological term}} and {{c1::endostea::specific histolog…
Published	11/02/2024	What effect does PTH have on osteoclasts?
Published	11/02/2024	PTH is synthesized by the {{c1::parathyroid}} glands in response to {{c1::hypocalcemia}}
Published	11/02/2024	What effect does Calcitonin have on Osteoclasts?
Published	11/02/2024	What do osteoblasts and osteoclasts arise from?
Published	11/02/2024	Osteoclasts are of {{c1::hematopoietic}} origin
Published	11/02/2024	Osteoclasts undergo {{c1::apotosis}} in response to {{c1::calcitonin}} and vitamin D
Published	11/02/2024	The organic component of bone matrix is made up of (4):
Published	11/02/2024	The primarily inorganic component of the bone matrix is {{c1::calcium hydroxyapatite}}
Published	11/02/2024	In the bone matrix, the association of {{c1::collagen type I}} with {{c1::hydroxyapatite}} imparts the hardness and resistance characteristic of bone …
Published	11/02/2024	Vitamin D3 is crucial in mineralization of bone, as it regulates the levels of {{c1::osteocalcin}}, which binds to hydroxyapatite
Published	11/02/2024	Formation of hydroxyapatite in osteoid-like ECM outside of bone is called {{c1::ectopic mineralization}}. This can occur pathologically in muscle (myo…
Published	11/02/2024	Osteoclasts resorb the organic components of bone with {{c1::collagenases}}
Published	11/02/2024	What is osteoclast activity directly regulated by?
Published	11/02/2024	Woven bone is eventually remodeled to {{c1::lamella}} bone
Published	11/02/2024	Lamellar bone
Published	11/02/2024	Cortical (compact) bone makes of {{c1::80}}% of total bone mass
Published	11/02/2024	Spongy (cancellous / trabecular) bone has a {{c1::honeycomb}} appearance and is composed of many interconnected {{c1::trabeculae}}. It forms the {{c1:…
Published	11/02/2024	What does each Osteon / Haversian System consist of?
Published	11/02/2024	Describe the process of woven bone undergoing remodeling into mature lamellar bone:
Published	11/02/2024	The osteons in lamellar bone are oriented in the {{c1::line of stress exerted on the bone}} (in long bones they are parallel to the longitudinal axis …
Published	11/02/2024	Osteocytes are entrapped in the {{c1::lamella}} of osteons. They communicate with each other by cell extensions in small channels called {{c1::canalic…
Published	11/02/2024	Can osteocytes in adjacent osteons communicate with each other?{{c1::No, there are no canaliculi b/w adjacent osteons}}
Published	11/02/2024	Osteons have vascular connections via perforating {{c1::Volkmann's canals}}
Published	11/02/2024	Blood vessels that run through Volkmann’s and Haversian canals anastomose with vessels in the {{c1::bone marrow}} and the {{c1::periosteum}}
Published	11/02/2024	Describe the process of internal remodeling of cortical bone:
Published	11/02/2024	Remnants of previous lamellae in bone are called {{c1::interstitial lamellae}}
Published	11/02/2024	The inner and outer surfaces of the compact bone are organized into the {{c1::inner and outer circumferential lamellae}}, respectively
Published	11/02/2024	The flat bones of the skull have two layers of compact bone called {{c1::plates}} separated by the layer of spongy bone called {{c1::diploë}}
Published	11/02/2024	Periosteum: {{c1::CT that envelops a bone}} and consists of two layers: inner cellular layer and outer fibrous layer
Published	11/02/2024	Periosteum is composed of an inner {{c1::osteogenic (cellular)}} layer and an outer {{c1::fibrous}} layer
Published	11/02/2024	The {{c1::endosteum}} lines the internal surface of the bone adjacent to the marrow cavity
Published	11/02/2024	Osteogenesis imperfecta is an {{c1::autosomal dominant::inheritance pattern}} disorder characterized by abnormal or insufficient {{c1::collagen}} prod…
Published	11/02/2024	Osteoporosis
Published	11/02/2024	Secondary osteoporosis is osteoporosis due to {{c1::hypercorticolism}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Osteomalacia}} is an adult Vitamin {{c2::D}}-deficiency disease characterized by a progressive softening and bending of the bones
Published	11/02/2024	Juvenile osteomalacia (aka {{c1::rickets}}) is a vitamin-D deficiency in {{c1::children}} characterized by a defect in {{c1::cartilage mineralization}…
Published	11/02/2024	The antibiotic {{c1::tetracycline}} and its derivatives can permanently stain teeth. {{c1::Tetracycline}} binds to Ca²⁺ in the teeth, especially at a …
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Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Osteocytes}}
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Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Woven bone}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Woven bone}}
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Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Aggregan}} is the main proteoglycan found in cartilage
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Chondronectin}} is the main glycoprotein of cartilage
Published	11/02/2024	Hyaline cartilage is approximately {{c1::70}}% water
Published	11/02/2024	Cartilage resiliency to compressive forces is imparted primarily by {{c1::GAGs}}, {{c1::collagen II}}, and {{c1::water}}
Published	11/02/2024	What are the two growth mechanisms of cartilage{{c1::appositional and interstitial}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Hyaline}} cartilage is the most common type of cartilage
Published	11/02/2024	Osteocytes can communicate with osteocytes of {{c1::the same}} osteon(s) via {{c1::canalliculi and gap junctions}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Carbonic anhydrase II}} is the primary enzyme of osteoclasts responsible for the breakdown of inorganic bone material
Published	11/02/2024	Invaginations of bone matrix formed by osteoblasts are termed {{c1::howship's lacunae}}
Published	11/02/2024	The {{c1::circumferential clearing zone}} of osteoclasts prevents lysosomal spillage to surrounding tissues during bone resporption
Published	11/02/2024	{{c2::Vitamin D}} binding of {{c1::osteoblasts}} is key in upregulating {{c1::osteocalcin}} and {{c1::the mineralization of the osteoid}}
Published	11/02/2024	The four main components of the osteoid are:{{c1::collagen I}}{{c1::osteocalcin}}{{c1::osteonectin}}{{c1::osteopontin}}
Published	11/02/2024	Mature bone organizes its matrix into {{c1::lamella}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::chondroblasts}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::chondrocyte in lacuna in hyaline cartilage}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::chondrogenic periochondrium}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::fibrous periochondrium}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::fibroblast}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::appositional growth}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::isogenous groups undergoing interstitial growth through mitosis}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::chondrocyte in fibrocartilage}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::chondroblast/chondrocytes}}
Published	11/02/2024	Where is the collagen I in fibrocartilage secreted from?{{c1::fibroblasts}}
Published	11/02/2024	Can fibrocartilage undergo appositional growth?{{c1::No, there is no perichondrium}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::osteoid that has been secreted by the endosteum}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::osteogenic periosteum - intramembranous ossification of the clavicle::structure and bone formation process}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::immature woven bone}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::mineralized ecm of immature woven bone formed by intramembranous ossification}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::bone spicule}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::osteoprogenitor cell::cell type}}{{c1::immature woven bone formed by intramembranous ossification::tissue type}}{{c1::osteoid::what is the light…
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::spongy/cancellous bone}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::immature woven bone formed by intramembranous ossification}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::collagen fibrils in immature woven bone}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::mineralized bone matrix (next to calcified cartilage)}}
Published	11/02/2024	1. {{c1::hyaline cartilage}}2. {{c1::chondrocytes in lacunae}}3. {{c1::isogenous group}}4. {{c1::territorial matrix consisting mostly of aggrecan and …
Published	11/02/2024	1. {{c1::hyaline cartilage}}2. {{c1::chondroblasts}}3. {{c1::chondroblast}}4. {{c1::chrondocyte isogenous group}}5. {{c1::perichondrium, dense irregul…
Published	11/02/2024	1. {{c1::epithelial cells }}2. {{c1::lamina propria}}3. {{c1::hyaline cartilage}}4. {{c1::perichondrium}}5. A: {{c1::epithelial cell}}5. B: {{c1:…
Published	11/02/2024	1: {{c1::epithelial}}2: {{c1::adipocytes (unilocular)}}3: {{c1::elastic cartilage}}4: {{c1::perichondrium (dense irregular CT)}}5: a. {{c1::epthelial}…
Published	11/02/2024	1. A. {{c1::fibrocartilage}}B. {{c1::elastic cartilage}}C. {{c1::mature hyaline cartilage}}3. {{c1::collagen fibers (a mix of type i and ii)}}4. {{c1:…
Published	11/02/2024	Are proteoglycans eosinophilic, basophilic or neither?{{c1::basophilic}}
Published	11/02/2024	1. {{c1::decalcified bone prepared in acid}}2. {{c1::ground bone that was sectioned}}
Published	11/02/2024	1. {{c1::cortical bone}}2. {{c1::lacuna, osteocyte}}3. {{c1::haversian canal}}4. {{c1::osteon (with concentric lamella)}}5. {{c1::interstitial lamella…
Published	11/02/2024	1. {{c1::cortical bone}}2. {{c1::osteoblast - ecm mineralization and formation}}3. {{c1::osteocytes - detech mechanical stresses and maintain ecm}}4. …
Published	11/02/2024	1. {{c1::osteocytes}}2. {{c1::trabecular (spongy) bone spicule}}
Published	11/02/2024	Are proteoglycans found in bone?{{c1::yes}}
Published	11/02/2024	The formation of hydroxyapatite in osteoid-like ECM's of non-bone tissue is called {{c1::ectopic mineralization}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Woven bone (primary bone)}} is bone characterize by irregularly arranged collagen 1 fibers
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Lamellar}} bone is mature bone, both cortical and spongy
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Haversian canals}} are the central vessel columns of osteons
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Volksman}} canals are the lateral (interosteon) vessel canals of compact bone
Published	11/02/2024	Osteons tend to arrange themselves along the {{c1::primary axis of stress}}
Published	11/02/2024	How do osteocytes communicate between adjacent osteons?{{c1::They can't. Osteocytes can only communicate with osteocytes within the same ost…
Published	11/02/2024	Bone marrow and periosteal blood vessels anastamose with vessels of {{c1::haversian and volksmann canals}}
Published	11/02/2024	1. {{c1::bone tissue (cortical) - note the osteogenic periosteum}}2. {{c1::osteoblasts of the endosteum - build ecm of bone}}3. {{c1::osteocytes - det…
Published	11/02/2024	1. {{c1::cortical bone}}2. {{c1::periosteum}}3. {{c1::volksman canals}}4. {{c1::haversian canals}}
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Published	11/02/2024	1) {{c1::cortical bone}}2) {{c1::periosteum}}3) {{c1::osteogenic periosteum (osteoprogenitor cells/MSCs)}}4) {{c1::D consists of fibrous periosteum an…
Published	11/02/2024	1. {{c1::intramembranous formation of immature woven bone (clavicle)}}2. {{c1::periosteum}} 3. A. {{c1::osteocytes}}3. B. {{c1::dense mesenchyme}…
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::endochrondral ossification}}a is the {{c1::reserve}} zoneb is the {{c1::proliferating}} zonec is the {{c1::hypertrophy}} zoned is the zone of {{…
Published	11/02/2024	1. {{c1::primary ossification zone/bone collar of diaphysis}}2. {{c1::epiphysis/secondary ossification zone (hyaline cartilage)}}3. {{c1::immature wov…
Published	11/02/2024	1. {{c1::epiphysis (secondary zone of ossification)}}2. {{c1::epiphyseal plate}}3. {{c1::hyaline, articular cartilage}}4. {{c1::bone of the diaphysis}…
Published	11/02/2024	What bone cells are affected directly by PTH?{{c1::osteoblasts and osteocytes}}
Published	11/02/2024	Osteocytes respond to PTH by {{c1::undergoing perilacunar osteolysis}}
Published	11/02/2024	Tetracycline should not be prescriped from {{c1::the 2nd trimester of pregnancy}} until {{c1::age 8}}. This is due to the fact that is is a …
Published	11/02/2024	Type I primary osteoporosis primarily affects {{c1::trabecular}} bone whereas type II primarily affects {{c1::trabecular and cortical}} bone
Published	11/02/2024	Osteoblast activity naturally declines with {{c1::age}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Secondary}} osteoporosis is osteoporosis due to steroid hormone therapy, hypercorticolism, malnutrition, or disease
Published	11/02/2024	What receptors do each of these cells have?osteoclasts: {{c1::calcitonin, M-CSF, RANK-L, vitamin D3 (alledgedly)}}osteoblasts: {{c1::PTH, vitamin D}}o…
Published	11/02/2024	Calcitonin leads to {{c1::decreased}} plasma calcium
Published	11/02/2024	PTH leads to {{c1::increased}} plasma calcium
Published	11/02/2024	Osteoblasts are progeny of {{c1::mesenchymal stem cells}}, osteoclasts are from {{c1::hematopoietic stem cells}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Bone reformation is {{c1::centripital::direction}}, bone resorption is {{c1::centrifugal::direction}}
Published	11/02/2024	The {{c1::metaphysis}} is the neck of the bone. It lies just below the epiphyseal growth plate
Published	11/02/2024	Does the periosteum form bone?{{c1::yes, during circumferential diaphyseal development (widening)}}
Published	11/02/2024	Synovial cells are {{c1::macrophage}}-like and {{c1::fibroblast}}-like
Published	11/02/2024	Synovial fluid is composed of {{c1::lubricates of the synovial cavity}} and {{c1::filtrates of the nearby CT capillaries}}
Published	11/02/2024	Do synovial cells have a basal lamina?{{c1::no}}
Published	11/02/2024	Estrogen is important in preventing osteoporosis through its role in {{c1::preventing osteoblast apoptosis}}
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Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.3204:top=.0864:width=.1136:height=.0648:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2778:top=.2315:width=.1583:height=.043…
Published	11/02/2024	cartilages are {{c1::avascular}} and do not have {{c1::nerves}}
Published	11/02/2024	cartilage cells:chondroblast: {{c1::proliferating undifferentiated cell that begins to synthesize ECM elements}}chondrocyte: {{c1::fully differentiate…
Published	11/02/2024	Spaces of the ECM occupied by chondrocytes are called {{c1::lacunae}}
Published	11/02/2024	structure of perichondriumouter {{c1::fibrous}} layer (fibroblasts, collagen type I)inner {{c1::cellular}} layer (undifferentiated flat chondrogenic p…
Published	11/02/2024	the two mechanisms of cartilage growth appositional: {{c1::growth by cell addition to the periphery of the tissue}}and interstitial: {{c1::growth by d…
Published	11/02/2024	cartilage have a limited ability to repair after injury and require formation of {{c1::repair cartilage}}
Published	11/02/2024	3 types of cartilage
Published	11/02/2024	major features of bone:Highly {{c1::vascular}} and metabolically active.Reservoir for 99% of body’s {{c1::calcium}} and {{c1::phosphate}}.Undergoes co…
Published	11/02/2024	the organic matrix of bone is called
Published	11/02/2024	osteocytes communicate via {{c1::gap junctions::junction}} and detect {{c1::mechanical stresses}} on bone
Published	11/02/2024	the major inorganic component of bone matrix is {{c1::calcium hydroxyapitite}}
Published	11/02/2024	types of bone: primary - {{c1::woven (immature)}}secondary - {{c1::lamellar (mature)}}
Published	11/02/2024	Osteons have vascular connections via perforating {{c1::Volkmann’s canals}}
Published	11/02/2024	after remodeling of cortical bone, the remnants of the previous lamellae are called the {{c1::interstitial lamellae}}
Published	11/02/2024	endosteum lines the {{c1::internal surface of the bone adjacent to the marrow cavity}}
Published	11/02/2024	osteocytes are relatively inactive and do not undergo {{c1::mitotic division}}
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