Notes in ✧ Regulation of Respiration & Reflexes

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Published	01/14/2024	{{c1::Peripheral}} chemoreceptors are located in the {{c2::carotid bodies}} and {{c2::aortic bodies}}
Published	01/14/2024	Breathing as an involuntary process is controlled by the {{c1::medulla}} and {{c2::pons}} of the brain stem
Published	01/14/2024	The {{c1::medullary}} respiratory center is located in the reticular formation and contains an inspiratory and expiratory center
Published	01/14/2024	The dorsal and ventral respiratory groups are located in the {{c1::medulla}} of the brain stem
Published	01/14/2024	The {{c1::dorsal}} respiratory group is primarily responsible for {{c2::inspiration}} and generates the basic rhythm for breathing
Published	01/14/2024	The dorsal respiratory group receives sensory input from peripheral chemoreceptors via the {{c1::glossopharyngeal (CN IX)}} and {{c1::vagus (CN X)}} n…
Published	01/14/2024	The dorsal respiratory group receives sensory input from lung stretch receptors via the {{c1::vagus (CN X)}} nerve
Published	01/14/2024	The dorsal respiratory group sends its motor output to the diaphragm via the {{c1::phrenic}} nerve
Published	01/14/2024	The {{c1::ventral}} respiratory group is primarily responsible for {{c2::expiration}} and is not active during normal, quiet breathing
Published	01/14/2024	The {{c1::apneustic}} center is located in the lower pons and {{c2::stimulates}} inspiration
Published	01/14/2024	The {{c1::pneumotaxic}} center is located in the upper pons and {{c2::inhibits}} inspiration
Published	01/14/2024	Commands from the {{c1::cerebral cortex}} can temporarily override the automatic respiratory brain stem centers
Published	01/14/2024	Where are the central chemoreceptors located?{{c1::Medulla}}
Published	01/14/2024	Central chemoreceptors are especially sensitive to the {{c1::pH}} of the {{c2::cerebrospinal fluid}}
Published	01/14/2024	In response to {{c2::decreased}} pH sensed by chemoreceptors, the breathing rate {{c1::increases (hyperventilation)}}
Published	01/14/2024	Central chemoreceptors respond indirectly to increased {{c1::Pco2}} and directly to decreased {{c1::pH}}
Published	01/14/2024	Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located? {{c1::Carotid bodies and aortic bodies::2}}
Published	01/14/2024	Peripheral chemoreceptors respond to decreases in {{c1::Pao2}} and {{c1::pH}}
Published	01/14/2024	Peripheral chemoreceptors respond to increases in {{c1::Pco2}}
Published	01/14/2024	Peripheral chemoreceptors respond to decreased Po2 when the arterial Po2 is less than {{c1::60}} mmHg
Published	01/14/2024	Increases in arterial H+ stimulate the {{c1::carotid}} body peripheral chemoreceptors only, independent of changes in Pco2
Published	01/14/2024	{{c1::Lung stretch}} receptors are mechanoreceptors located in the smooth muscle of the airways
Published	01/14/2024	Lung stretch receptors cause a(n) {{c1::decreased}} breathing frequency in response to distention of the lungs (Hering-Breuer reflex)
Published	01/14/2024	{{c1::Irritant}} receptors are located between the airway epithelial cells and are stimulated by noxious substances
Published	01/14/2024	{{c1::Joint}} and {{c1::muscle}} receptors are activated during movement of the limbs and stimulate early breathing during exercise
Published	01/14/2024	{{c1::Juxtacapillary (J)}} receptors are located in the alveolar walls and cause rapid, shallow breathing in response to pulmonary capillary engorgeme…
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