Notes in Exam I

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Published	01/08/2025	Developmentally, why is gray matter found deep in the spinal cord, but superficially in the brain?
Published	01/08/2025	What nervous function is associated with the dorsal and ventral neural tube?
Published	01/09/2025	{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1997:top=.1475:width=.2179:height=.0586}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2041:top=.372:width=.2157:height=.0575}}{{c…
Published	01/08/2025	During brain development, different ventricles form the large structures of the brain. The {{c1::telencephalon}} forms the {{c2::cerebral hemisph…
Published	01/11/2025	What species have a rete mirabile?
Published	01/11/2025	What sets of arteries come off the cerebral arterial circle?
Published	01/11/2025	What are the two main sources of blood to the cerebral arterial circle in the generalized pattern?
Published	01/11/2025	What are the main sources of blood to the cerebral arterial circle in the alternative pattern?
Published	01/11/2025	What are the differences between the generalized pattern and alternative pattern when supplying blood to the cerebral arterial circle (CAC)?
Published	01/12/2025	{{c0::image-occlusion:text:left=.7322:top=.8882:fill=#000000:text=Caudal cerebellar:scale=.29:fs=.1115:oi=1}}{{c0::image-occlusion:text:left=.3197:top…
Published	01/21/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.3815:top=.6942:width=.1444:height=.0909:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4407:top=.2479:width=.1741:height=.082…
Published	01/15/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.3817:top=.0244:width=.4136:height=.1146:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0000:top=.1024:width=.2303:height=.073…
Published	01/15/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.3914:top=.4658:width=.2078:height=.1918:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4134:top=.0974:width=.1748:height=.200…
Published	01/15/2025	From deep to superficial, what are the three meningeal layers?
Published	01/15/2025	In relation to the meningeal layers, where can you find the epidural and subarachnoid spaces?
Published	01/15/2025	Where is cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) found in the brain and spinal cord?
Published	01/15/2025	Where is CSF produced?
Published	01/15/2025	Cerebral spinal fliud (CSF) is drained via {{c1::arachnoid villi}} into the venous sinuses, particulary the {{c1::dorsal sagittal sinus}}
Published	01/15/2025	What determines the rate that CSF is removed?
Published	01/15/2025	List two functions of cerebral spinal fluid:
Published	01/15/2025	What are two regions where one might perform CSF puncture?
Published	01/15/2025	Where should epidural anesthesia be placed in a ruminant?
Published	01/15/2025	Compounds such as {{c1::water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and ethanol}} can permeate the blood brain barrier. {{c1::Charged molecules and prote…
Published	01/15/2025	What is the clinical significance of the blood brain barrier? What are two things that it keeps out?
Published	01/15/2025	What forms the blood brain barrier?
Published	01/15/2025	Where should the needle be placed for the cerebellomeduallary cistern OR lumbosacral space for CSF retrieval?
Published	01/15/2025	{{c1::Hydrocephalus}} occurs when there is an increase in the volume of CSF, which leads to increased pressure on the brain
Published	01/15/2025	Ultrafiltration of blood plasma by {{c1::ependymal cells}} produces CSF in the choroid plexus
Published	01/15/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2215:top=.1312:width=.1585:height=.1781:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.8077:top=.0647:width=.1569:height=.106…
Published	01/17/2025	Describe the flow of CSF
Published	01/21/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.6299:top=.1399:width=.2279:height=.1858:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1544:top=.1049:width=.2495:height=.205…
Published	01/21/2025	What is the signficance of the cervical and lumbar intumescences?
Published	01/21/2025	In the spinal cord, {{c1::gray}} matter is found deep to {{c1::white}} matter
Published	01/21/2025	What are the 3 functional regions of gray matter, and what kind of information do they carry?
Published	01/21/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5574:top=.5707:width=.2532:height=.0974:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5383:top=.0077:width=.2617:height=.059…
Published	01/27/2025	For a basic reflex arc:{{c1::Sensory afferents}} bring information to the spinal cord through {{c2::dorsal}} rootsAxons from {{c1::motor neurons}…
Published	01/21/2025	{{c1::Ipsilateral}}: Sensory information affecting motor output on the same side of the body{{c1::Contralateral}}: Sensory information affecting morto…
Published	01/21/2025	Sensory stimulus from the spinal cord can be relayed via {{c1::local connections}} mediated through {{c2::interneurons}}, or {{c1::regional …
Published	01/21/2025	During a withdrawal reflex, one would observe {{c1::ipsilateral}} output to {{c2::stimulate muscle and inhibit action of opposing muscle}} within…
Published	01/21/2025	What is the primary inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter for the spinal cord?
Published	01/21/2025	Sensory afferents mediated through projection neurons are projected either {{c1::regionally}} or to the {{c1::brain}}. Axons enter {{c2…
Published	01/21/2025	The control of motor neurons in the spinal cord by the brain is mediated by {{c1::upper motor neurons}}. They have axons project from the {{…
Published	01/21/2025	{{c1::Lower}} motor neurons have their cell body and axons in the {{c2::CNS}}, and form a {{c2::neuromuscular junction}}{{c1::Upper}} motor neurons ha…
Published	01/21/2025	Compressive spinal cord lesions compromise (from least bad to worst): 1) {{c1::Proprioception}}: {{c2::sensory, loss of the sense of body po…
Published	01/24/2025	What are the three lower motor neuron signs of dysfunction?
Published	01/27/2025	What are the 5 basic components of the myotatic reflex?
Published	01/27/2025	What type of sensory receptor is involved in the withdrawal reflex?
Published	01/27/2025	You step on a tack, causing withdrawal reflex. After perception and processing, which motor neurons are inhibited and excited?
Published	01/27/2025	Follow the flow of impulse from stimulation to cutaneous trunci reflex during the panniculus reflex
Published	01/27/2025	What cranial nerves are tested during PLR?
Published	01/27/2025	What cranial nerves are tested for palpebral reflex?
Published	01/27/2025	What cranial nerve is tested for the gag reflex?
Published	01/27/2025	What nerves/systems are being tested during the menace response?
Published	01/27/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4686:top=.3317:width=.1283:height=.0908:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7747:top=.406:width=.1607:height=.0495…
Published	01/27/2025	Nervous control of MicturationWhen stimulated by {{c1::Ach}} from the {{c1::pelvic}} nerve, the {{c2::detrusor muscle}} will {{c2::contract}…
Published	02/03/2025	Nervous control of MicturationWhen stimulated by {{c1::norepinephrine}} (Neurotransmitter) from the {{c1::hypogastric}} nerve, the {{c2::detrusor…
Published	01/27/2025	Nervous control of MicturationWhen stimulated by {{c1::Ach}} from the {{c1::pudendal}} nerve, the {{c2::external sphincter (urethralis muscl…
Published	01/27/2025	While only Ach is released from the hypogastric nerve, the detrusor muscle and internal sphincter act differently, why is this?
Published	01/30/2025	During the {{c1::storage phase}} of micturition, {{c1::sympathetic nervous sytem}} tone dominates. The detrusor muscle is {{c2::relaxed…
Published	01/30/2025	Once some pressure/stretch is on the detrusor muscle and sphincters, there is {{c1::afferent discharge}} triggering external sphincter …
Published	01/30/2025	Once extreme pressure/stretch is put on the detrusor muscle and sphincters, {{c1::afferent discharge}} travels to the {{c1::brains…
Published	01/30/2025	During the {{c1::voiding phase}} of micturition, {{c1::parasympathetic nervous system}} tone dominates. The {{c2::sphincters}} relax and the {{c2::det…
Published	01/30/2025	{{c1::Voluntary control}} of relaxtion or contraction of the {{c1::external sphincter}} allows for holding in urine despite {{c2::regional reflex…
Published	01/30/2025	How does a lesion at the sacral spinal cord affect sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatic innvervation involved in micturition?
Published	01/30/2025	What happens to the bladder with a lesion at the sacral spinal cord?
Published	01/30/2025	Why is voluntary motor control of micturition lost with a lesion at the thoracic spinal cord?
Published	02/03/2025	Define or describe the terms:{{c1::Miosis (Miotic)}}: {{c2::Constriction of pupil}}{{c1::Mydriasis (Mydriatic)}}: {{c2::Dilation of pupil}}
Published	02/05/2025	Define the differences between -paresis, -plegia, and Paralysis
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