Notes in 07_Lung Abscesses and Parapneumonic Effusions

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	02/10/2024	Presentation of {{c2::Lung Abscess}} {{c1::Purulent foul sputum}} {{c1::Swinging fever}} {{c1::Cough}} {{c1::Pleuritic chest pain}} {{c1::Haemoptysis}…
Published	02/10/2024	Causative Organisms of Lung Abscess {{c1::Staphylococcus aureus}} {{c1::Klebsiella pneumonia}} {{c1::Pseudomonas}} {{c1::Anaerobes e.g. clostridium}}
Published	02/10/2024	Risk Factors of Lung Abscess {{c1::Aspiration pneumonia}} {{c1::Necrotising pneumonia (e.g. S. aureus)}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Empyema}} is {{c2::a collection of pus (purulent fluid) in the pleural space usually occurs after pneumonia}}
Published	02/10/2024	Presentation of {{c2::Empyema}} {{c1::Prolonged and recurrent fever post-pneumonia treatment}} {{c1::Pleuritic chest pain}} {{c1::Cough and breathless…
Published	02/10/2024	Difference between Empyema and Pleural EffusionEmpyema is {{c1::defined by purulent fluid collection in the pleural space, which is most commonly caus…
Published	02/10/2024	Common Causative Organism of Empyema is {{c1::Streptococcus pneumoniae}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Pleural effusion}} is {{c2::the collection of fluid in the pleural space due to an imbalance between production and absorption.}}
Published	02/10/2024	Presentation of {{c2::Pleural Effusion}} {{c1::Pleuritic chest pain}} {{c1::Breathlessness}} {{c1::Unilateral reduced breath sounds}}{{c1::+/- systemi…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Transudate}} Pleural Effusion is {{c2::the accumulation of a non-inflammatory fluid in the pleural space that has a low protein content.}}
Published	02/10/2024	Causes of {{c2::Transudate}} Pleural Effusion {{c1::Heart failure}} {{c1::Nephrotic syndrome}} {{c1::Hypoalbuminaemia}} {{c1::Liver cirrhosis}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Exudate}} Pleural Effusion is {{c2::the accumulation of an inflammatory fluid in the pleural space that has a high protein content of 3g/dL (&gt…
Published	02/10/2024	Protein content of {{c1::3g/dL (>35g/l)}} or more represents an {{c2::exudate}} pleural effusion
Published	02/10/2024	Causes of {{c2::Exudate}} Pleural Effusion {{c1::Pneumonia}} {{c1::Malignancy}} {{c1::Pulmonary embolism}} {{c1::Pancreatitis}}
Published	02/10/2024	Blood tests of Lung Abscesses include: {{c1::FBC: raised WCC}} {{c1::Raised inflammatory marker: CRP}}
Published	02/10/2024	Imaging of Lung Abscesses by CXR or CT show an {{c1::irregular cavity}} in the lung
Published	02/10/2024	Screening Test done if Suspecting Lung Abscess is {{c1::Tuberculosis}} screening
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Bronchoscopy}} is an investigation done for Lung Abscesses to obtain a sample for antibiotic sensitivity
Published	02/10/2024	Blood tests of Empyema and Pleural Effusion may show {{c1::raised WCC and CRP}}
Published	02/10/2024	Imaging of Empyema and Pleural Effusion by CXR shows {{c1::widespread unilateral consolidation}}
Published	02/10/2024	Gold Standard Investigation of Empyema and Pleural Effusion is {{c1::thoracic ultrasound with pleural fluid aspirate}}
Published	02/10/2024	Aspirate Analysis of Effusions is done to determine {{c1::pH}}, {{c1::type of fluid}}, and to narrow down the {{c1::causes}} of the effusion
Published	02/10/2024	{{c2::Simple}} Parapneumonic Effusion show pH {{c1::> 7.2}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c2::Complicated}} Parapneumonic Effusion show pH {{c1::< 7.2}}
Published	02/10/2024	Analysis of an Effusion known as {{c1::Empyema Thoracis}} shows {{c2::frank pus}} and/or {{c2::positive bacterial culture}}
Published	02/10/2024	Criteria to Differentiate between Types of {{c2::Pleural Effusion}} is {{c1::Light's Criteria}}
Published	02/10/2024	Findings in an Exudative Pleural Effusion (Light's Criteria) {{c1::Effusion protein / Serum protein ratio > 0.5}} {{c1::Effusion LDH / Serum LDH ra…
Published	02/10/2024	Treatment of Lung Abscesses {{c1::IV antibiotics for 2-3 weeks followed by oral antibiotics for 4-8 weeks (80%+ of cases)}} If this fails: may require…
Published	02/10/2024	Treatment of Simple Parapneumonic Effusion (i.e. pH > 7.2) {{c1::Treat the underlying cause}} {{c1::Oral antibiotics}}
Published	02/10/2024	Treatment of Complicated Parapneumonic Effusion (i.e. pH < 7.2) {{c1::Treat the underlying cause}} {{c1::Consider IV antibiotics}} {{c1::Chest drai…
Published	02/10/2024	Criteria of Complicated Parapneumonic Effusion{{c1::Fluid is equal to half of hemithorax}}{{c1::Thickened pleura on CT}}{{c1::Positive bacterial …
Published	02/10/2024	Treatment of Empyema {{c1::Prolonged antibiotics for 2—6 weeks}} {{c1::Chest drain insertion (if fluid pH is <7.2)}} If no improvement: {{c1::…
Published	02/10/2024	Indications of Chest Drainage for Parapneumonic Effusions {{c1::Low pH <7.2}} {{c1::Frank pus (i.e. empyema)}} {{c1::Positive bacterial culture}} {…
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