Notes in 04Host-MicroorganismInteraction

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Published	07/30/2024	Microorganisms that are commonly found on or in body sites of healthy persons are called {{c1::indigenous/normal/usual}} flora.
Published	07/30/2024	Microorganisms that reside in areas of the body for a long time (months to years) are called {{c1::resident flora}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Microorganisms that reside in areas of the body temporarily are called {{c1::transient flora}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Opportunistic infections}} are infections caused by {{c2::normal/indigenous flora}} when there is a change in the environment (nutrition, i…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Streptococcus}} is the predominant genus of microorganism in the mouth.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::F::T/F}} The lower respiratory tract is predominated by streptococci.
Published	07/30/2024	The stomach and esophagus are usually sterile.{{c1::T::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	The kidneys, bladder, and fallopian tubes are normally sterile.{{c1::T::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::F::T/F}} Individuals who are raised in a germ-free environment would likely have a well-functioning immune system.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Fecal Microbiota Transplantation}} is the process of transplanting bacteria back to their normal residence in the gut by using normal flora foun…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Propionibacterium acnes}} usually resides in the {{c2::deeper sebaceous glands}} of the skin.
Published	07/30/2024	The vaginal flora of a female {{c1::before puberty}} or {{c1::during post-menopausal}} years consists mainly of {{c2::gram-negativ…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Propionibacterium spp.}} and {{c1::Staphylococcus epidermidis}} usually reside in the {{c2::skin}} or {{c2::hair follicles}} beca…
Published	07/30/2024	The GI tract flora is altered often  by {{c1::antibiotics}} and this can cause {{c2::necrotizing enterocolitis}} and {{c2::diarrhe…
Published	07/30/2024	In GI tracts with altered flora due to antibiotics. necrotizing enterocolitis is caused by {{c1::Clostridium difficele}} while diarrhea is cause …
Published	07/30/2024	Vaginal flora of a female in {{c1::childbearing}} years consists mainly of {{c2::Lactobacilli}}, {{c2::anaerobic gram-negative bacilli}}, an…
Published	07/30/2024	Staphylococcus epidermidisStaphylococcus mitisStreptococcus sanguisStreptococcus salivariusStreptococcus mutansPeptostreptococcus spp.Veillonella spp.…
Published	07/30/2024	Staphylococcus aureusEnterococcus spp.Eikenella corrodensFusobacterium nucleatumCandida albicans
Published	07/30/2024	Viridans streptococci (such as Sterptococus mitis, S. mitis, S. mutans, S. milleri, S. sanguis)Moraxella catarrhalisNeisseria spp.Diphtheroids
Published	07/30/2024	Staphylococcus aureusStaphylococcus epidermidisDiphtheroids (Corynebacterium spp.)Haemophilus parainfluenzaeSteptococcus spp.
Published	07/30/2024	Staphylococcus pneumoniaeMoraxella catarrhalisHaemophilus influenzaeNeisseria meningitidisMoraxella spp.
Published	07/30/2024	α-hemolytic and nonhemolytic streptococciDiphtheroids (Corynebacterium spp.)Staphylococcus aureusStaphylococcus epidermidisStreptococcus pneumoniaStre…
Published	07/30/2024	Staphylococcus progenesNeisseria meningitidisHaemophilus influenzaeGram-negative rods
Published	07/30/2024	Bacteroides spp.Clostridium spp. EnterobacteriaceaeEubacterium spp.Fusobacterium spp.Peptostreptococcus spp.Peptococcus spp.Staphylococcus aureus…
Published	07/30/2024	Group B streptococciEnterobacteriaceaeAcinetobacter spp. Candida albicans
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Aerobic diphtheroids}} are bacteria that are found in moist areas of the skin such as the axillae and between the toes.
Published	07/30/2024	Bacteria in the mouth would mostly bind to the {{c1::buccal mucosa}} and the {{c1::tooth surface}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Up to {{c1::1011}} streptococci can be seen on bacterial plaques on teeth.
Published	07/30/2024	Plaques have a {{c1::low redox potential}} at tooth surface that allows growth for more {{c2::anaerobe organisms}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Most microorganisms are susceptible in the stomach due to its {{c1::acidic}} environment except {{c2::parasitic cysts}}, {{c2::bacterial spo…
Published	07/30/2024	Bacteria in the small intestine usually comes from the {{c1::colon}}.
Published	07/30/2024	In the colon/large intestine, there are {{c1::108}} to {{c1::1011}} bacteria per 1 g of solid material.
Published	07/30/2024	AnaerobesGram-negative rodsGram-positive cocciYeastsPseudomonas aeruginosa
Published	07/30/2024	The urethra is colonized in its {{c1::outermost segment}} by organisms found on the {{c2::skin}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Opportunistic infections often occur in {{c1::immunocompromised}} patients.
Published	07/30/2024	Nasal gastric tubeEndoscopyColonoscopyEnema
Published	07/30/2024	1. Obtaining and weighing the specimen. 2. Blending and mixing with non-bacteriostatic saline to get proper consistency.3. Sedation and analgesia…
Published	07/30/2024	Streptococcus spp.Acinetobacter spp.Bacteroides spp. Gram-negative rods (fermenters and non-fermenters)Moraxella spp.
Published	07/30/2024	In the {{c1::airborne}} route of transmission, respiratory secretions are aerosolized by coughing, sneezing, and talking. This could lead to the …
Published	07/30/2024	1. Upper airways twisting, mucus-lined passageway2. Lower airways lined by cilia3. Secretory IgA, lysozyme, alveolar macrophages
Published	07/30/2024	Microorganisms with an {{c1::airborne}} route of transmission are resistant to {{c2::drying}} and {{c2::inactivation by UV light}}.
Published	07/30/2024	The most common cause of lower respiratory tract infections in {{c1::young individuals}} are {{c2::Mycoplasma}} and {{c2::viruses}}.
Published	07/30/2024	For microorganisms transmitted through the {{c1::fecal-oral}} route, infection results from preformed toxins and damage to intestinal cells.
Published	07/30/2024	Transmission by {{c1::close contact}} refers to passage or organisms by salivary, skin, and genital contact.
Published	07/30/2024	In microorganisms transmitted via {{c1::zoonosis}}, the infection is passed through contact with animals or animal products.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pathogenicity}} is the ability of a microbe to produce disease in a susceptible individual.
Published	07/30/2024	An {{c1::iatrogenic}} infection occurs as the result of medical treatment or procedures.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::True}} pathogens cause disease even in healthy individuals wheras {{c1::opportunistic}} pathogens only cause disease in immunocompromi…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Virulence}} is the relative ability of a microorganism to cause disease or degree of pathogenicity and is measured by the {{c2::number of m…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Virulence factors}} are mechanisms that allow microorganisms to persist in a host and cause disease.
Published	07/30/2024	Polysaccharide capsuleProtein APhagocytic killingInhibit chemotaxis
Published	07/30/2024	A {{c1::polysaccharide capsule}} masks the cell surface structures that are recognized by receptors on the surface of the phagocytic cell and als…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Protein A}} interferes with the binding of the host's antibodies to the surface of the organism.
Published	07/30/2024	In {{c1::phagocytic killing}} the microorganism releases potent materials against phagocytes.
Published	07/30/2024	In {{c1::inhibiting chemotaxis}}, microorganisms are able to avoid phagocytosis because the phagocytic cells do not go to the local environment w…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Adhesins}} are cell surface structures that promotes adhesion of microorganisms to other cells (such as host cells).
Published	07/30/2024	1. Prevent fusion of phagosomes and lysosomes2. Resistance to the effects of lysosomal contents3. Escape from the lysosome into the cytoplasm
Published	07/30/2024	Immunoglobulin A protease is produced by {{c1::Haemophilus influenzae}}, {{c1::Neisseria gonorrhoeae}}, and {{c1::Neisseria meningitidis}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Influenza}} and {{c1::Borrelia spp.}} are examples of microorganisms that shift their cell surface antigens.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Chlamydia}}, {{c1::Mycobacterium tuberculosis}}, {{c1::Brucella}}, and {{c1::Listeria}} are examples of organisms that are able t…
Published	07/30/2024	In Salmonella infections, the specimen sent for culture would be different based on the how long it has been since the infection has started because i…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Invasion}} is the ability to penetrate and grow in tissues.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Toxins}} are poisonous substances produced by organisms that interact with host cells, disrupting normal metabolism and causing harm.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Exotoxins}} are toxins that are released into the environment and are produced in {{c2::both gram-positive and gram-negative}} microorganis…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Endotoxins}} are toxins which present only in the cell walls of {{c2::gram-negative}} bacteria.
Published	07/30/2024	Exotoxins are composed of {{c1::two}} subunits.
Published	07/30/2024	The LPS portion of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria contains three regions: 1. {{c1::antigenic-O specific polysaccharide}}2. {{c…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Inner lipid A}} is the region of the LPS that is responsible for the toxic effect of endotoxins.
Published	07/30/2024	FeverHypotensionCoagulationSevere neutropenia
Published	07/30/2024	Candida spp.Micrococcus spp.Staphylococcus spp.Clostridium spp.Propionibacterium spp.Diphtheroids (Corynebacterium spp.)
Published	07/30/2024	Lactobacillus spp.Bacteroides spp.Clostridium spp.Peptostreptococcus spp.Staphylococcus aureusStaphylococcus epidermidisEnterococcus spp.Dip…
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