Notes in Case 1: Pregnancy Complications

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Published	03/16/2024	During pregnancy, there is a(n) {{c1::50}}-fold increase in estradiol and estrone
Published	03/16/2024	During pregnancy, there is a(n) {{c1::1000}}-fold increase in estriol, which is an indicator of fetal well-being
Published	03/16/2024	During the second and third trimesters, progesterone is produced by the {{c1::placenta}}, using cholesterol from the mother
Published	03/16/2024	During the second and third trimesters, the fetal {{c2::adrenal gland}} converts pregnenolone to {{c1::DHEA-sulfate}}
Published	03/16/2024	During the second and third trimesters, the fetal {{c1::liver::organ}} converts DHEA-sulfate to {{c2::16-hydroxy DHEA-sulfate}}
Published	03/16/2024	During the second and third trimesters, 16-OH DHEA-sulfate is converted to {{c1::estriol}} via the enzymes {{c2::aromatase}} and sulfatase
Published	03/16/2024	What is the most common site for an ectopic pregnancy?{{c1::Ampulla of the fallopian tube::Specific}}
Published	03/16/2024	Ectopic pregnancy is often clinically mistaken for {{c1::appendicitis}}
Published	03/16/2024	{{c1::Ectopic pregnancy}} is the implantation of a fertilized ovum at a site other than uterine wall
Published	03/16/2024	The key risk factor for ectopic pregnancy is {{c1::tubal scarring}}
Published	03/16/2024	The classic presentation of ectopic pregnancy is {{c1::lower quadrant abdominal::location}} pain weeks after a missed period (amenorrhea)
Published	03/16/2024	Ectopic pregnancy may present with a(n) {{c2::lower}} than expected rise in the hormone {{c1::hCG}} based on dates
Published	03/16/2024	Major complications of ectopic pregnancy are {{c1::hematosalpinx (bleeding into the fallopian tube)}} and/or {{c1::rupture}}
Published	03/16/2024	Spontaneous abortion is common and occurs in up to {{c1::1/4}} of recognizable pregnancies
Published	03/16/2024	{{c1::Spontaneous abortion}} presents as vaginal bleeding, cramp-like pain, and passage of fetal tissues
Published	03/16/2024	Spontaneous abortion is most often due to {{c1::chromosomal}} anomalies, especially {{c1::trisomy 16}}
Published	03/16/2024	Spontaneous abortion is more common in patients in a(n) {{c1::hypercoagulable}} state, such as those with antiphospholipid syndrome
Published	03/16/2024	What is the most common effect of teratogens during the first two weeks of gestation?{{c1::Spontaneous abortion}}
Published	03/16/2024	What is the most common effect of teratogens during weeks 3-8 of gestation?{{c1::Organ malformation}}
Published	03/16/2024	What is the most common effect of teratogens after week 8 of gestation?{{c1::Organ hypoplasia}}
Published	03/16/2024	{{c1::Gestational hypertension}} is a blood pressure >140/90 mmHg after the 20th week of gestation without proteinuria, pre-existing hypertension, …
Published	03/16/2024	{{c1::Preeclampsia}} is pregnancy-induced {{c2::hypertension}} with {{c3::proteinuria}} or {{c3::end-organ dysfunction}} {{c2::after::before/after}} 2…
Published	03/16/2024	Preeclampsia is caused by abnormal placental {{c1::spiral}} arteries, causing endothelial dysfunction, vasoconstriction, and ischemia
Published	03/16/2024	There is an increased incidence of preeclampsia in patients with pre-existing {{c1::hypertension}}, diabetes, chronic renal disease, and autoimmune di…
Published	03/16/2024	{{c1::Eclampsia}} is defined as preeclampsia with {{c2::seizures}}
Published	03/16/2024	What finding on blood smear is characteristic of HELLP syndrome?{{c1::Schistocytes}}
Published	03/16/2024	HELLP syndrome can lead to hepatic subcapsular {{c1::hematomas}}, which may rupture leading to severe hypotension
Published	03/16/2024	How does insulin resistance change during pregnancy?{{c1::Increase}}
Published	03/16/2024	Around which weeks of pregnancy do the levels of hCG peak?{{c1::Weeks 8-10}}
Published	03/16/2024	When grading obstetrical status using GTPAL, what does G represent?{{c1::Gravidity (the total # of pregnancies)}}
Published	03/16/2024	When grading obstetrical status using GTPAL, what does T represent?{{c1::Term deliveries (the total # of deliveries after 37 weeks)}}
Published	03/16/2024	When grading obstetrical status using GTPAL, what does P represent?{{c1::Pre-term deliveries (the total # of deliveries after 20 weeks, but befor…
Published	03/16/2024	When grading obstetrical status using GTPAL, what does A represent?{{c1::Abortions (the total # of deliveries before 20 weeks)}}
Published	03/16/2024	When grading obstetrical status using GTPAL, what does L represent?{{c1::Number of living children}}
Published	03/16/2024	What is the pharmacological treatment for preeclampsia or eclampsia to prevent seizures?{{c1::IV magnesium sulfate}}
Published	03/16/2024	Gestational diabetes is a result of increased insulin resistance due to elevated levels of {{c1::human placental lactogen (hPL)}} during pregnancy
Published	03/16/2024	What level of proteinuria is diagnostic of preeclampsia?{{c1::≥ 300 mg/day}}
Published	03/16/2024	Midodrine may exacerbate {{c1::supine}} hypertension
Published	03/16/2024	Spontaneous abortion is unprovoked pregnancy loss at < {{c1::20}} weeks gestation and is a common cause of first trimester bleeding
Published	03/16/2024	Supine hypotension syndrome occurs when a pregnant woman lies on her back, and is due to the gravid uterus compressing the {{c1::inferior vena cava}}
Published	03/16/2024	Poor maternal glucose control leads to excessive transplacental {{c1::glucose}} transfer to the fetus
Published	03/16/2024	In the setting of gestational diabetes with poor control, fetal hyperglycemia leads to fetal hyperinsulinism and {{c1::β cell}} hyperplasia
Published	03/16/2024	Gestational diabetes can lead to a placental {{c1::vasculopathy}}, causing fetal asphyxia, growth restriction, and polycythemia
Published	03/16/2024	Upon delivery from a mother with untreated gestational diabetes, neonates can develop transient {{c1::hypoglycemia}}
Published	03/16/2024	Gestational diabetes is the onset of {{c1::maternal}} insulin resistance during pregnancy
Published	03/16/2024	Neonatal hyperinsulinism in the setting of uncontrolled gestational diabetes can lead to macro{{c1::somia}}
Published	03/16/2024	The {{c1::Pouch of Douglas}} is the furthest point of the abdominopelvic cavity in women, and is typically where infections and fluids collect
Published	03/16/2024	Patients with pelvic inflammatory disease or a ruptured ectopic pregnancy may have {{c1::culdocentesis}} performed to extract and ascertain the fluid …
Published	03/16/2024	{{c1::Chronic}} HTN = sustained > 140/90 before 20 weeks{{c1::Gestational}} HTN ≥ 140/90 after 20 weeks
Published	03/16/2024	What is the treatment for preeclampsia with severe features, eclampsia, or HELLP syndrome?{{c1::Antihypertensives, magnesium, and delivery*::3}}
Published	03/16/2024	First-line pharmacologic treatment for gestational diabetes is {{c1::insulin}}
Published	03/16/2024	Ectopic pregnancies within the {{c1::isthmus}} have the highest risk of tubal rupture
Published	03/16/2024	What reproductive pathology is characterized by decidualized endometrium only (e.g. dilated, coiled endometrial glands, vascularized edematous stroma)…
Published	03/16/2024	Pulmonary edema, liver pain (RUQ), headaches, and vision changes are signs of {{c1::end-organ dysfunction}} due to preeclampsia
Published	03/16/2024	Tubal ligation, endometriosis and PID increase the risk of {{c1::ectopic pregnancy}}
Published	03/16/2024	Exposure to what medication in utero increases the risk of ectopic pregnancy?{{c1::Diethylstilbestrol (DES)}}
Published	03/16/2024	When does gestational diabetes resolve?{{c1::After delivery of the placenta}}
Published	03/16/2024	Systemic endothelial dysfunction due to preeclampsia can lead to what systemic condition?{{c1::Hypertension (due to systemic vasoconstriction)}}
Published	03/16/2024	Preeclampsia may present with {{c1::peripheral edema::physical exam finding}} due to systemic endothelial dysfunction and increased capillary permeabi…
Published	03/16/2024	What may be the cause of RUQ pain in preeclampsia?{{c1::Liver swelling (stretches liver capsule)}}
Published	03/16/2024	Risk of preeclampsia increases with {{c1::older age::age}} and {{c1::first::1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc}} pregnancy
Status	Last Update	Fields