Notes in Chapter2

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Published	08/28/2024	What are the six functions of normal skin? {{c1::Protective barrier, Temperature regulation, Sensation, Vitamin D synthesis, Immunosurveillance, …
Published	08/28/2024	What are the four major cell types of the epidermis? {{c1::Keratinocytes, langerhans, melanocytes, and merkel cells}}
Published	08/28/2024	What are the four layers in the epidermis (excluding thick skin areas)? {{c1::Basale, spinosum, granulosum, and corneum}}
Published	08/28/2024	What additional layer of the epidermis is added to areas of thicker skin? {{c1::Stratum lucidum, beneath the most superficial stratum corneum}}
Published	08/28/2024	What is the dermis layer of skin? {{c1::The dermis is made up of collagen (mainly), elastin and glycosaminoglycans, which are synthesised by fibr…
Published	08/28/2024	What are the three main types of hair? {{c1::lanugo hair::fine long hair in fetus}}{{c1::vellus hair::fine short hair on all body surfaces}}{{c1:…
Published	08/28/2024	What substance is the nail composed of to create a nail plate?{{c1::hard keratin which arises from the nail matrix at the posterior nail fold, an…
Published	08/28/2024	What are sebaceous glands? {{c1::produce sebum via hair follicles and secrete sebum onto the skin surface to lubricate and waterproof the skin}}
Published	08/28/2024	What are eccrine sweat gland? {{c1::universally distributed in the skin from birth}}
Published	08/28/2024	What are apocrine sweat gland? {{c1::found in the axillae, areolae, genitalia and anus, and modified glands are found in the external auditory ca…
Published	08/28/2024	What sweat glands are affected by hidradenitis suppurativa? {{c1::apocrine glands}}
Published	08/28/2024	What sweat glands are affected by hyperhidrosis? {{c1::eccrine glands}}
Published	08/28/2024	What are the four phases of wound healing? {{c1::hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and remodelling}}
Published	08/28/2024	What is this, and what are possible causes? {{c1::Urticaria is due to a local increase in permeability of capillaries and small venules. A l…
Published	08/28/2024	What is the differential diagnosis? {{c1::Urticaria is due to a local increase in permeability of capillaries and small venules. Idiopathic,…
Published	08/28/2024	What is the management? {{c1::Antihistamines::simple}}{{c1::Corticosteroids::severe/acute}}
Published	08/28/2024	What is this? {{c1::Angioedema: swelling of tongue and lips}}
Published	08/28/2024	What is the management for this? {{c1::Adrenaline, corticosteroids, and antihistamines}}
Published	08/28/2024	What are complications of this? {{c1::asphyxia, cardiac arrest and death}}
Published	08/28/2024	What is this? {{c1::Erythema nodosum}}
Published	08/28/2024	What is the differential diagnosis for this? {{c1::Group A beta-haemolytic streptococcus}}{{c1::primary tuberculosis}}{{c1::pregnancy}}{{c1::mali…
Published	08/28/2024	Are these nodules painful? {{c1::Discrete tender nodules which may become confluent}}
Published	08/28/2024	What is the timeline for these lesions to appear and how long do they last? {{c1::Lesions continue to appear for 1-2 weeks and leave bruise-like …
Published	08/28/2024	Do these lesions scar? {{c1::Lesions do not ulcerate and resolve without atrophy or scarring}}
Published	08/28/2024	Where does erythema nodosum most often occur?{{c1::The shins}}
Published	08/28/2024	What is this? {{c1::an acute self- limiting inflammatory condition with herpes simplex virus being the main precipitating factor::define}} {…
Published	08/28/2024	What is this? {{c1::Stevens-Johnson syndrome mucocutaneous necrosis with at least two mucosal sites involved.}}
Published	08/28/2024	What is the differential diagnosis? {{c1::Stevens-Johnson syndrome mucocutaneous necrosis with at least two mucosal sites involved.}}
Published	08/28/2024	What is seen on histopathology? {{c1::Epithelial necrosis with few inflammatory cellsStevens-Johnson syndrome is mucocutaneous necrosis with at l…
Published	08/28/2024	What distinguishes Stevens- Johnson syndrome from erythema multiforme?{{c1::The extensive necrosisStevens-Johnson syndrome may have features overlappi…
Published	08/28/2024	What distinguishes Stevens- Johnson syndrome from toxic epidermal necrosis?{{c1::Toxic epidermal necrosis is acute, severe, with extensive skin and mu…
Published	08/28/2024	What is the management for SJS or TEN?{{c1::Early recognition and call for help}}
Published	08/28/2024	What are complications from SJS or TEN?{{c1::sepsis, electrolyte imbalance or multi-system organ failure}}
Published	08/28/2024	What is the presentation of acute meningococcaemia on the skin?  {{c1::Non-blanching purpuric rash on the trunk and extremities, which may be…
Published	08/28/2024	What is this? {{c1::erythroderma}}
Published	08/28/2024	What are causes for this? {{c1::Previous skin disease (e.g. eczema, psoriasis)}}{{c1::lymphoma}} {{c1::Drugs (e.g.sulphonamides, gold, sulph…
Published	08/28/2024	What is the management?{{c1::Emollients and wet-wraps to maintain skin moistureTopical steroids may help to relieve inflammation}}
Published	08/28/2024	What is the prognosis?{{c1::Overall mortality rate ranges from 20 to 40%}}
Published	08/28/2024	What is this? {{c1::Widespread eruption - serious complication of atopic eczema or less commonly other skin conditions}}
Published	08/28/2024	What is the MC cause of this? {{c1::HSV}}
Published	08/28/2024	What is the management? {{c1::Antivirals (e.g. aciclovir) +/- antibiotics for secondary infection}}
Published	08/28/2024	What are complications of this? {{c1::Herpes hepatitis, encephalitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and rarely, death}}
Published	08/28/2024	What is necrotising fasciitis?{{c1::A rapidly spreading infection of the deep fascia with secondary tissue necrosis}}
Published	08/28/2024	What are causes of necrotising fasciitis?{{c1::Group A haemolytic streptococcus, or a mixture of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria}}
Published	08/28/2024	What are risk factors for necrotising fasciitis?{{c1::Abdominal surgery and medical co-morbidities (e.g. diabetes, malignancy)}}
Published	08/28/2024	What are risk factors for necrotising fasciitis?{{c1::Abdominal surgery and medical co-morbidities (e.g. diabetes, malignancy)}}
Published	08/28/2024	What is the management of necrotising fasciitis?{{c1::Urgent referral for extensive surgical debridementMortality up to 76%}}
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