Notes in Leishmania/Filaria

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Published	01/06/2024	{{c1::Cutaneous}} leishmaniasis (most common)90% of cases in Afghanistan, Brazil, Iran, Peru, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Sudan{{c1::Mucocutaneous}}&nbs…
Published	01/06/2024	Leishmania is transmitted by the bite of {{c1::sandflies}}
Published	01/06/2024	{{c1::Amastigotes}} are found in vertebrate hosts and is found in mononuclear phagocytes. They are inert-looking and have a round/oval body.
Published	01/06/2024	{{c1::Promastigotes}} are extracellular and found in the alimentary tract of the sandfly. They are motile with long, external flagellum.
Published	01/06/2024	Cutaneous leishmaniasis presentation
Published	01/06/2024	Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis presentation
Published	01/06/2024	Leishmania recidivans presentation
Published	01/06/2024	The pentad for visceral leishmaniasis is {{c1::fever}}, {{c1::weight loss}}, {{c1::hepatosplenomegaly (splenomegaly > hepatomeg…
Published	01/06/2024	{{c1::Post Kala-azar dermal leish (PKDL)}} is a complication of "old world" visceral leish (50% in Sudan).Variable presentationMaculesPapule…
Published	01/06/2024	{{c1::HIV (CD4+ < 200 cells/ul)}} increases risk of developing visceral leishmaniasis.
Published	01/06/2024	Objectives of leishmania treatmentReduce parasites to {{c1::“below the level of detection”}}Support patient’s {{c1::nutrition, hydration}}Tr…
Published	01/06/2024	Treatment of leishmaniasis{{c1::Daily}} monitoringEach country has own guidelines{{c1::Sodium stibogluconate}}Cutaneous: 2 weeksVisceral/mucocuta…
Published	01/06/2024	Leishmaniasis diagnosis{{c1::histopathology/culture}} to identify amastigotesCutaneous: skin smear, dermal scraping, biopsy of lesionVisceral: bi…
Published	01/06/2024	Reasons why cutaneous leishmanis is NOT treatedLow risk of {{c1::mucosal disease relapse}}Low {{c1::morbidity}}{{c1::Reservoir of infection}…
Published	01/06/2024	local therapy for cutaneous leishmania{{c1::Cryotherapy}}{{c1::Thermotherapy}}{{c1::Intralesional administration of anti-leishmanial agents}}{{c1::Top…
Published	01/06/2024	Life cycle of filariasisFilarial {{c1::larvae}} introduced into human skin during {{c1::mosquito}} blood meal{{c1::Lymphatic}} spreadMa…
Published	01/06/2024	{{c1::Lymphatic filariasis}} is majority asymptomatic but can cause Febrile lymphadenitisChronic diseases -> lymphatic dilationLymphedema…
Published	01/06/2024	90% of lymphatic filariasis is caused by {{c1::Wuchereria bancrofti}}. The vector are {{c1::mosquitoes}} and the definitive host is {{c…
Published	01/06/2024	Diagnosis of lymphatic filariasisOften treated {{c1::empirically without formal diagnosis}}{{c1::Microscopy}}: detection of microfilariae in peri…
Published	01/06/2024	Treatment of lymphatic filariasisMost people with {{c1::lymphedema}} not actively infected - unlikely to benefit from treatment{{c1::Individual}}…
Published	01/06/2024	How does eradicating wolbachia treat lymphatic filariasis?
Published	01/06/2024	The vector of onchocerciasis / “river blindness” is the {{c1::black fly}}. Found mainly in {{c1::Africa}}.
Published	01/06/2024	Clinical presentation of onchocerciasisAffects {{c1::subcutaneous}} tissue{{c1::Skin: dermatitis, skin nodules}}{{c1::Eyes: dead microfilariae in…
Published	01/06/2024	Diagnosis of onchocerciasis{{c1::Microscopy}}: detection of microfilariae from {{c1::skin snip}} biopsy{{c1::Nodule biopsy}}: adult worm{{c1::Sli…
Published	01/06/2024	Treatment of onchocerciasis{{c1::Ivermectin}} annually for up to 10 yearsStart with {{c1::albendazole}} prior to ivermectinOnly microfilaric…
Published	01/06/2024	The vector of Loiasis is the {{c1::deerfly}}. Found in the {{c1::rainforests}} in {{c1::Equatorial Africa}}.
Published	01/06/2024	Symptoms of loiasisConfined to {{c1::subcutaneous}} swellings on extremitiesLocalized {{c1::pain, pruritus, urticaria}}Microfilaremia tends …
Published	01/06/2024	{{c1::Calabar swelling}} is a large transient area of localized non erythematous subcutaneous edema. Most common around joints.
Published	01/06/2024	Rarer manifestations of {{c1::loiasis}} are arthritis, breast calcification, meningoencephalopathy, endomyocardial fibrosis, peripheral neur…
Published	01/06/2024	Diagnosis of loiasis{{c1::Microscopy}}: detection of microfilariae in {{c1::Giemsa}} stained {{c1::thick or thin blood}} smear (taken from {…
Published	01/06/2024	Treatment of loiasis{{c1::Diethylcarbamazine}} = microfilaricidal and macrofilaricidalTreatment of choiceLong coursesBeware encephalopathy with h…
Published	01/06/2024	{{c1::Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia}} is a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction to microfilariae trapped in lung parenchyma. It presents with noctu…
Published	01/06/2024	Treatement of tropical pulmonary eosinophilia = {{c1::diethylcarbamazine}} for 21 days +/- {{c1::steroids}}Treat early or can progress …
Published	01/10/2024	35e3d9e6b1a94735bd26620566949bed-ao-1
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