Notes in 04 Urinalysis & Renal Function Tests

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Published	07/30/2024	What are the 3 Major Inorganic Ions of Urine:{{c1::Cl, Na, K}}
Published	07/30/2024	What are the 3 Major Organic Ions of Urine:{{c1::Urea, Creatine, Uric Acid}}
Published	07/30/2024	The most concentrated urine specimen is the {{c1::1st morning}} specimen
Published	07/30/2024	When looking for a low level substance in urine, the best is to use the {{c1::1st morning}} specimen
Published	07/30/2024	To know the protein losses occuring in a px, use a {{c1::24}}-hour urine specimen
Published	07/30/2024	Random/Routine specimens are caught using random {{c1::mid::early/mid/late}}stream "clean catch"
Published	07/30/2024	Urine cortisone determination is best done in the {{c1::afternoon::AM/PM}}
Published	07/30/2024	If a single urine specimen is submitted, {{c1::bacteriologic (culture and sensitivity)}} exam should be done first before other sections
Published	07/30/2024	Urine specimens should be examined within {{c1::2 hours::timeframe}} of voiding
Published	07/30/2024	If a urine specimen will be delayed longer than {{c1::1}} hour, {{c2::refrigerate::refrigerate/freeze}}
Published	07/30/2024	Refrigerating a urine specimen can make the sample last for at least {{c1::24}} hours
Published	07/30/2024	Severe exercise can cause transient {{c1::hemoglobin}}uria or {{c1::protein}}uria in the urine specimen
Published	07/30/2024	Sufficient volume for urinalysis is usually {{c1::20}} mLSufficient volume for pediatric urinalysis is usually {{c1::10}} mL
Published	07/30/2024	4 Components of a Routine Urinalysis:{{c1::Specimen EvaluationGross/Physical ExaminationChemical ScreeningUrine Sediment Examination}}
Published	07/30/2024	Specimen Evaluation Components{{c1::LabellingSpecimen for Requested ExamPreservativeSigns of ContaminationTime of Collection and SubmissionAdequate Am…
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Color: ColorlessThink of: Polyuria, Too much water intake, {{c1::DI::disease}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Color: {{c2::Yellow-Green or Dark Green}}Content: {{c1::Bilirubin-Biliverdin}}Think of: {{c1::Jaundice or liver issues}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Color: RedContent: Hgb, Myoglobin, Porphyrin (Menstrual Contamination)Medications: {{c1::Rifampicin, Phenolphthalein, Phenindione, Phenothiazide…
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Color: {{c1::Red}}pH: {{c1::Alkaline}}Food: {{c2::Beets}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Color: {{c1::Red}}pH: {{c1::Acidic}}Food: {{c2::Blackberries}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Color: Brown-BlackContent: {{c2::Methemoglobin, Melanin, Homogentisic Acid::3}}Medication: {{c1::Levodopa or Methyldopa, Phenol Derivatives, Met…
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Color: "Cola"Think of: {{c1::Rhabdomyolysis or L-Dopa::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Color: Blue-GreenPathologic: {{c1::Pseudomonas aeruginosa}}Non-Pathologic: {{c1::Clorets (breath deodorizer)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Color: Blue-GreenContent: {{c1::Chlorophyll, Indicans::2}}, Food DyeMedications: {{c2::Methocarbamol, Methylene Blue, Amitriptyline::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Clarity: TurbidpH: {{c1::Acidic}}Content: {{c2::Amorphous urates or Ca Oxalates}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Clarity: TurbidpH: {{c1::Alkaline}}Content: {{c2::Amorphous phosphates or Ca Carbonates/Phosphates}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Clarity: {{c1::Clear}}Newsprint is easily seen through the urine w/ no particulate matter is present
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Clarity: {{c1::Hazy}}Some visible particulate matter are present. Newsprint is not distorted nor obscured when viewed through the urine
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Clarity: {{c1::Cloudy}}Newsprint can be seen through the urine but the letters are distorted or blurry
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Clarity: {{c1::Turbid}}The letters of the newsprint are not readable anymore
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Clarity: MilkyNeutrophilsLipiduria, think of {{c1::nephrotic syndrome}}Chyluria, think of {{c1::Wuchereria bancrofti}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Pigment: {{c2::Urochrome}}Think of: {{c1::↑ Thyroid conditions}} and {{c1::fasting}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Pigment: {{c2::Uroerythrin}}Think of: {{c1::Urates and acidic urine}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Pigment: {{c1::Urobilin (Dark Yellow or Orange)}}Think of: Urobilinogen
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Odor: Ammonia or FetidThink of: {{c1::Bacterial overgrowth}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Odor: NoneThink of: {{c1::Acute tubular necrosis}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Odor: Rotten EggsThink of: {{c1::Cystinuria}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Odor: Swimming pool (like chlorine)Think of: {{c1::Hawkinsinuria}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Odor: Sweet, FruityThink of: {{c1::Ketoacidosis, DM I}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Odor: Sweaty feetThink of: {{c1::Isovaleric/Glutaric acidemia}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Odor: Cabbage, HopsThink of: {{c1::Methionine malabsorption}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Odor: Mousy, mustyThink of: {{c1::Phenylketonuria}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Odor: Rotting fishThink of: {{c1::Trimethylaminuria}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Odor: RancidThink of: {{c1::Tyrosinemia}}
Published	07/30/2024	Normal Values: Average Adult Urine Volume{{c1::600-1200}} mL urine per day≤ {{c1::400}} mL urine per night
Published	07/30/2024	Anuria - Near complete suppression of urine formation in {{c1::24}} hours
Published	07/30/2024	Oliguria Threshold<{{c1::500}} mL urine in 24 hours
Published	07/30/2024	Polyuria Threshold>{{c1::2000}} mL urine in 24 hours
Published	07/30/2024	Nocturia Threshold>{{c1::500}} mL urine at night w/ <{{c1::1.018}} specific gravity
Published	07/30/2024	Normal Values: Specific Gravity{{c1::1.003 - 1.035}}
Published	07/30/2024	Specific gravity reflects the {{c1::concentrating}} ability of the kidneys
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Specific Gravity: <1.007 (Hyposthenuria)Think of: DI, {{c1::Pyelonephritis, Glomerulonephritis::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Specific Gravity: >1.035 (Hypersthenuria)Think of: Dehydration, {{c1::Adrenal insufficiency, Hepatic Disease, CHF::3 Diseases}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Specific Gravity: 1.010 fixed (Isosthenuria)Think of: {{c1::Renal failure}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::High protein}} diet produces acidic urine
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Vegetables & Fruits}} diet produces alkaline urine
Published	07/30/2024	UTI causes {{c1::alkaline::pH}} urine
Published	07/30/2024	Normal Values: Urine Protein{{c1::150}} mg of proteins excreted per 24 hours
Published	07/30/2024	Reagent Strips are very sensitive to detecting urine {{c1::albumin::protein}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::acid precipitation method::screening method}} can detect all proteins present in a urine sample
Published	07/30/2024	Proteinuria Thresholds:Functional: <{{c1::0.5}} g/dayPersistent: {{c1::1-2}} g/day in an {{c1::as::as/s}}ymptomatic pxClinical: >{{c1::30 mg/dL}…
Published	07/30/2024	Tamm-Horsfall/THP/ Uromodulin/UMOD glycoprotein is localized in the {{c1::TALH and DCT::part of the nephron}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Intermittent, Transient}} Proteinuria - Patient has normal history, PE, renal function and urinalysis except for the proteinuria.&nbsp…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Postural (Orthostatic)}} Proteinuria - Proteinuria that occurs in the upright or lordotic position resulting in renal congestion
Published	07/30/2024	Does protein in urine always signify renal disease?{{c1::N::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	Types of proteinura based on when proteins get into the urine:{{c1::PrerenalRenal - Indicative of renal diseasePost-Renal::3. Bonus: Which one of thes…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Bence-Jones}} Proteinuria - Excretion of immunoglobulin light chains or monoclonal globulins
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Glomerular}} Proteinuria - GBM is affected, loss of albumin and those of same size/charge.
Published	07/30/2024	Representative Examples of Glomerular Proteinuria: {{c1::Membranous nephropathy, proliferative glomerulonephritis::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Tubular}} Proteinuria - Loss of low MW proteins which should have been largely reabsorbed in the tubules
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Proteinuria1. Glomerular Proteinuria2. Tubular Proteinuria{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Detection of proteinuria in Tubular Proteinuria1. Reagent Strip2. Acid Precipitation Method{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Representative Examples of Tubular Proteinuria: {{c1::Fanconi's Syndrome, Wilson's Syndrome, Pyelonephritis, Renal Transplant Rejection::4}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Overflow}} Proteinuria - Due to overflow of excess proteins in the circulation that spills over into the urine
Published	07/30/2024	Bence-Jones Proteinuria Diagnosis: {{c1::electrophoresis and immunofixation electrophoresis}}
Published	07/30/2024	Representative Examples of Bence-Jones Proteinuria: {{c1::Multiple Myeloma, Macroglobulinemia, Malignant Lymphoma::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Microalbuminuria}} - Occurrence of albumin in urine above the normal level but below the detectable range for a conventional reagent strip which…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hereditary Proteinuria Syndromes}} - Rare condition of congenital nephrotic syndrome withsevere proteinuria, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis …
Published	07/30/2024	Normal Values: Kidney Threshold for Glucose:{{c1::180-200}} mg/dL
Published	07/30/2024	Glucosuria Detection: Reagent Strip, {{c1::Copper reduction Test}}
Published	07/30/2024	2 Types of Glucosuria:{{c1::w/ Hyperglycemiaw/o hyperglycemia (tubular impairment)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Ketones Detection: Reagent Strip, {{c1::Nitroprusside Tablet Test}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Gross/Macroscopic}} Hematuria - Red, pinkish sample
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Microscopic}} Hematuria - normal or yellowish sample
Published	07/30/2024	How do you differentiate Hematuria and Myoglobinuria?{{c1::Centrifuge. Hematuria will have clear supernatant. Myobloniuria will still be red}}
Published	07/30/2024	Normal Values: Urine Bilirubin{{c1::0.02}} mg/dL
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Bilirubin Detection: Reagent Strip, {{c1::Diazo Tablet Method}}
Published	07/30/2024	Normal Values: Urine Urobilinogen{{c1::0.5-2.5}} mg/day
Published	07/30/2024	Uribilinogen is {{c1::colorless::color}}
Published	07/30/2024	How can antibiotics decrease urobilinogen in urine?{{c1::Antibiotics kill bacteria that bilirubin to urobilinogen}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Which is Normal in urine?1. Nitrate2. Nitrite{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Nitrite is usually (+) when bacteria is >{{c1::10^5-10^6}} / mL of urine
Published	07/30/2024	If urine nitrite is (+), think of the following bacteria:{{c1::E. ColiKlebsiellaEnterobacterProteusStaphylococcusPseudomonas}}
Published	07/30/2024	The urine leukocyte esterase test is uses the esterase activity of neutrophil {{c1::azurophilic granules}}
Published	07/30/2024	Normal Values: RBCs in Urine{{c1::0-2 / hpf}} and is reported as {{c2::the average number per 10 hpf}}
Published	07/30/2024	Normal Values: WBCs in Urine{{c1::0-5 / hpf}} and is reported as {{c2::the average number per 10 hpf}}
Published	07/30/2024	Normal Values: Epithelial Cells in Urine{{c1::0-5 / hpf}}
Published	07/30/2024	For a sediment exam, {{c1::20 uL (0.02 mL)}} is the recommended volume be examined on a microscope slide, covered by a 22x22 mm coverslip
Published	07/30/2024	A sediment exam must include observation of a minimum of {{c1::10}} fields under both low (10x) and high (40x) power and under reduced light whenusing…
Published	07/30/2024	Urine casts should be reported as {{c1::the average number per lpf}}
Published	07/30/2024	Crystals should be reported as {{c1::rare, few, moderate, or many per hpf}}
Published	07/30/2024	Read this {{c1::<3}}
Published	07/30/2024	If you see mononuclear cells in the urine, think of {{c1::renal transplant rejection}}
Published	07/30/2024	If you see eosinophils in the urine, think of hypersensitivity reactions and {{c1::acute interstitial nephritis}}
Published	07/30/2024	Increase in squamous epithelial cells in the urine sample indicates the specimen was {{c1::not collected by midstream clean-catch}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Transitional Epithelial Cells Shape: {{c1::Round or pear shaped, with a round, centrally located nucleus and End-ecto cytoplasmic rim}…
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Transitional Epithelial Cells usually come from the {{c1::renal pelvis to lower 1/3 of the urethra}}
Published	07/30/2024	Are urine transitional epithelial cells pathologic?{{c1::No unless in large numbers::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	Are urine renal tubular epithelial cells pathologic?{{c1::Y::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Tamm-Horsfall Protein}} - mucoprotein secreted by the renal tubular cells that forms the matrix of casts
Published	07/30/2024	Normal Values: Urine Hyaline Casts{{c1::0-2 / lpf}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hyaline}} casts are normal seen after strenuous exercise, stress, heat exposure, dehydration CHF, diuretic therapy
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Broad}} and {{c1::Waxy}} Casts are seen in chronic renal failure and allograft rejection
Published	07/30/2024	Kinda self-explanatory. just {{c1::read}}
Published	07/30/2024	Impairment of kidney function is detectable if {{c1::80}}% of the nephrons are already destroyed
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::GFR}} is the best overall indicator of kidney function
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Creatinine}} is the most widely used marker for GFR
Published	07/30/2024	Normal Values: Creatinine{{c2::120::magic number}} mL/minM: {{c1::107-139}} mL/minF: {{c1::87-107}} mL/min
Published	07/30/2024	Thing to take into account when measuring creatinine clearance:{{c1::Muscle MassDiet (meat)}}Drugs (e.g. Cimetidine, Trimethoprim, salicylates)Co…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Urea}} is widely used as measure for renal dysfunction but NOT as a measure of GFR
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Cystatin C::GFR Indicator}} is produced by {{c1::all nucleated}} cells w/ constant production rates from ages {{c1::4-70}}
Published	07/30/2024	Factors that affect Cystatin C: {{c1::None}}
Published	07/30/2024	Almost all substances used for GFR are reabsorbed in the {{c1::PCT}}
Published	07/30/2024	Normal Values: Urine Cystatin C{{c1::0}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Beta-2 Microglobulin::GFR Indicator}} is present in {{c1::all nucleated}} cells and needed for production of {{c3::CD8}} cells
Published	07/30/2024	Beta-2 Microglobulin is increased in renal failure and {{c1::multiple myeloma, lymphoma}}
Published	07/30/2024	Beta Trace Protein is produced by the {{c1::brain}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Inulin}} is an exogenous substance that is not reabsorbed nor secreted by the kidneys and can be used for measuring GFR
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::P-Aminohippurate (PAH)}} is loosely bound to plasma proteins and secreted by the kidney in the PCT and can be used to measure the exact amount o…
Published	07/30/2024	Crystals found in normal acidic urine:{{c1::Amorphous uratesCrystalline uratesUric AcidCalcium Oxalate::4}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Reddish-Brown Color1. Amorphous Urates2. Amorphous Phosphates{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Amorphous and Crystalline urates are converted to uric acid crystals when acidified w/ {{c1::acetic acid}}
Published	07/30/2024	Amorphous urates and Ammonium Biurate crystals dissolve when heated to 60 C or with dilute {{c1::alkali}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Uric Acid Crystals Color: {{c1::Yellow or reddish brown}}
Published	07/30/2024	If urine uric acid crystals are increased, think of {{c1::Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome::congenital disease}} or {{c1::urate nephropathy of gout}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Birefringence w/ polarized light1. Uric Acid Crystals2. Cystine Crystals{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Calcium Oxalate Crystals Shape: {{c1::Octahedron, Envelope, Dumbell, Ovoid::4}}
Published	07/30/2024	If urine calcium oxalate is increased, think of chronic renal disease, {{c1::Ethylene glycol or methoxyflurane::2}} toxicity, {{c1::SI}} disease or re…
Published	07/30/2024	Crystalline Urates Shape: {{c1::Brown spheres or colorless needles}}
Published	07/30/2024	Crystals found in normal alkaline urine:{{c1::Amorphous phosphatesTriple Phosphate CrystalCalcium PhosphateAmmonium Biurate CrystalCalcium Carbonate C…
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Triple Phosphate Crystal Shape: {{c1::three to six-sided prisms with oblique ends (coffin lids)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Ammonium Biurate Crystal Shape: {{c1::Sphere with radial or concentric striations andirregular thorn projections (thorn apples)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Calcium Carbonate Crystal Shape: {{c1::Dumbell, Spherical}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Calcium Carbonate}} crystals are distinguished from other crystals by producing CO2 in the presence of acetic acid
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Cystine Crystal Shape: {{c1::Hexagonal}}
Published	07/30/2024	Both uric acid and cystine crystals are soluble in {{c1::ammonia water}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Cholesterol Crystal Shape: {{c1::Flat plate with corner notch}}
Published	07/30/2024	If you see urine cholesterol crystals, think of {{c1::nephrotic syndrome}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine cholesterol crystals are usually accompanied by {{c1::fatty casts and oval fat bodies::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine leucine crystals are usually accompanied by {{c1::tyrosine crystals}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Leucine Crystal Shape: {{c1::oily-appearing spheres with radial and concentric striations}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Tyrosine Crystal Shape: {{c1::fine silky needles arranged in sheaves or clumps}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Solubility1. Leucine Crystals2. Tyrosine Crystals{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Bilirubin Crystal Shape: {{c1::Amorphous needles, rhombic plates, or cubes}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Sulfonamide Crystal Shape: {{c1::yellow-brown sheaves of wheat with central bindings, striated sheaves with eccentric bindings, rosettes, arrowh…
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Ampicillin Crystal Shape: {{c1::Coarse sheaves after refrigeration}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Diatrizoate Dye Crystal Shape: {{c1::Clear, flat, notched rhombic plates or longer, slender rectangles}}
Published	07/30/2024	The presence of radiologic dyes in urine should correlate w/ high {{c1::specific gravity}}
Published	07/30/2024	Clinically relevant crystals usually form in {{c1::acidic or neutral}} urine pH
Status	Last Update	Fields