Notes in 03 Gram Positive Bacteria

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Published	05/31/2024	{{c1::Subacute endocarditis}} is a cardiac complication caused by {{c3::group D Streptococci (Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium)}} follow…
Published	05/31/2024	What group of bacteria is the most common cause of subacute endocarditis? {{c1::Viridans streptococci*}}
Published	05/31/2024	What type of heart valve does viridans streptococci infect? {{c1::Previously damaged valves::Normal vs Damaged}}
Published	05/31/2024	Viridans streptococci cause {{c1::subacute}} endocarditis, which is characterized by {{c2::small::size}} vegetations that do not destroy the valve
Published	05/31/2024	Subacute endocarditis is often a sequela of {{c1::dental}} procedures
Published	05/31/2024	What bacteria is the most common cause of endocarditis in IV drug users?{{c1::Staphylococcus aureus}}
Published	05/31/2024	What type of heart valve does Staphylococcus aureus infect?{{c1::Normal heart valves (undamaged)::Damaged vs Normal}}
Published	05/31/2024	Staphylococcus aureus causes {{c1::acute}} endocarditis, which is characterized by {{c2::large::size}} vegetations that destroy the valve
Published	05/31/2024	Endocarditis due to viridans streptococci is characterized by {{c1::low}} virulence and {{c1::gradual}} onset
Published	05/31/2024	Which bacteria is associated with endocarditis, biliary tree infection, and UTI? {{c1::Enterococci (E. faecalis and faecium)}}
Published	05/31/2024	Asplenic sickle cell disease patients are commonly infected with {{c1::Streptococcus pneumoniae}}, {{c1::Haemophilus influenzae}}, {{c1::Neisseria men…
Published	05/31/2024	Staphylococcus aureus shows what kind of hemolysis pattern?{{c1::β-hemolytic}}
Published	05/31/2024	{{c1::Staphylococcus aureus}} is the only Staphylococcus organism that is coagulase {{c2::positive}}
Published	05/31/2024	Which bacteria turns bright yellow on mannitol salt agar?{{c1::Staphylococcus aureus}}
Published	05/31/2024	Staphylococcus aureus will turn {{c1::mannitol}} agar bright yellow
Published	05/31/2024	Which S. aureus toxin nonspecifically binds MHC-II (on APCs) and the T-cell receptor producing cytokine storm and toxic shock?{{c1::Toxic shock syndro…
Published	05/31/2024	What is the treatment for methicillin-sensitive Staph aureus infections (MSSA)?{{c1::Nafcillin}}
Published	05/31/2024	What gram positive organisms commonly colonize previously damaged heart valves?{{c1::Strep viridans, Strep gallolyticus, Enterococcus spp.::3}}
Published	05/31/2024	What group of organisms is formed on dental plaques?{{c1::Strep viridans (sanguinis, mutans, and mitis)}}
Published	05/31/2024	Which gram-positive cocci is also β-hemolytic? {{c1::Staphylococcus aureus::Besides Streptococcus}}
Published	05/31/2024	Gram positive algorithm:Streptococcus, {{c2::α}}-hemolysis is further broken down via {{c1::optochin sensitivity}}
Published	05/31/2024	Gram positive algorithm:Streptococcus, α-hemolysis, optochin {{c1::sensitive}} - {{c2::Streptococcus pneumoniae}}
Published	05/31/2024	Gram positive algorithm:Streptococcus, α-hemolysis, optochin {{c1::resistant}} - {{c2::Streptococcus viridans (mutans and mitis)}}
Published	05/31/2024	Group A Strep (S. pyogenes) is {{c1::β}}-hemolytic
Published	05/31/2024	Pyogenic infections caused by Streptococcus pyogenes include:- {{c1::Pharyngitis (strep throat)}}- {{c2::Non-bullous impetigo}}- {{c3::Erysipelas}} / …
Published	05/31/2024	Scarlet fever can present with a red, swollen, "{{c1::strawberry}}" tongue, {{c2::pharyngitis}}, and a diffuse, "{{c3::sandpaper}}-like" {{c3::rash}} …
Published	05/31/2024	Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) is {{c1::β}}-hemolytic
Published	05/31/2024	What is the treatment for Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS)? {{c1::Penicillin G::specific}}
Published	05/31/2024	Streptococcus pneumoniae is {{c1::alpha}}-hemolytic
Published	05/31/2024	Streptococcus viridans is {{c1::alpha}}-hemolytic
Published	05/31/2024	What is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia in adults?{{c1::Streptococcus pneumoniae}}
Published	05/31/2024	{{c1::Streptococcus pneumoniae}} is the common bacterial cause of C-MOPS:{{c1::Conjunctivitis::C}}{{c1::Meningitis::M}}{{c1::Otitis media::O}}{{c1::Pn…
Published	05/31/2024	Bacillus anthracis is often described as large {{c1::gram-positive bacilli::shape and stain}} in {{c2::chains::what arrangement?}}
Published	05/31/2024	Bacillus anthracis and cereus are gram-{{c1::positive::positive/negative}} {{c2::bacilli (rods)::shape}}
Published	05/31/2024	Corynebacterium diphtheriae are gram {{c1::positive}} {{c2::rods}}
Published	05/31/2024	Which gram positive rod(s) is/are catalase positive?{{c1::Listeria monocytogenes and Nocardia}}
Published	05/31/2024	What antibiotic should be started for patients with a first recurrence of C. difficile colitis? {{c1::Oral vancomycin or fidaxomicin::2}}
Published	05/31/2024	A patient with a history of recent ciprofloxacin treatment and watery diarrhea, should raise suspicion of {{c1::C. difficile (pseudomembranous colitis…
Published	05/31/2024	Streptococcus pneumoniae is the common bacterial cause of a collection of pathologies which can be remembered with the mnemonic {{c1::C-MOPS}}
Published	06/01/2024	Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence factors are an anti-{{c1::phagocytic polysaccharide capsule}} and IgA protease
Published	06/01/2024	Besides ingestion of contaminated food, how is Listeria monocytogenes transmitted?{{c1::Transplacentally}}; {{c2::vaginally during childbirth}}
Published	06/01/2024	{{c1::Preformed enterotoxins::Which exotoxin}} from {{c2::Staphylococcus aureus}} causes {{c3::rapid::rapid or slow}}-onset food poisoning
Published	06/01/2024	What food sources are associated with Staphylococcus aureus food poisoning?{{c1::Meats and cream-based food (e.g. mayonnaise, custard)}}
Published	06/01/2024	{{c1::Pseudomembranous colitis}} is a GI complication of ampicillin use that results from overgrowth of Clostridioides difficile in the GI tract
Published	06/01/2024	{{c1::Pseudomembranous colitis}} is a possible complication of clindamycin use due to resultant Clostridioides difficile overgrowth
Published	06/01/2024	Pneumonia due to Staphylococcus aureus is often complicated by {{c1::abscess}} formation or {{c2::empyema}} (pus in the pleural space)
Published	06/01/2024	What is the function of group A Strep (GAS) M-protein?{{c1::Antiphagocytic, inhibits activation of complement::2}}
Published	06/01/2024	What group A Strep (GAS) virulence factor can be given to patients with clots?{{c1::Streptokinase}}
Published	06/01/2024	Streptokinase is a virulence factor for what gram-positive species?{{c1::S. pyogenes (GAS)}}
Published	06/01/2024	Toxic shock like syndrome is caused by what organism?{{c1::S. pyogenes (GAS)}}
Published	06/01/2024	{{c1::Erysipelas}} is an infection of the upper dermis and superficial lymphatics caused by group A Strep (GAS), and presents with a well-defined dema…
Published	06/01/2024	{{c2::Cellulitis::What skin pathology}} is characterized by an infection of the deeper dermis and subcutaneous tissues caused by {{c1::S. aureus or S.…
Published	06/01/2024	What GAS virulence factor causes antibody production that cross-reacts with myosin in the heart, causing rheumatic fever?{{c1::M protein}}
Published	06/01/2024	{{c1::Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN)}} is a complication of GAS pharyngitis or skin infection that presents with hematuria (cola-colored…
Published	06/01/2024	Where does Staphylococcus aureus normally colonize?{{c1::Nares}}
Published	06/01/2024	Scalded skin syndrome is caused by {{c1::Staphylococcus aureus::which organism?}}
Published	06/01/2024	What toxin(s) cause(s) scalded-skin syndrome?{{c1::Exfoliative toxins A and B}}
Published	06/01/2024	{{c2::Protein A}} is a virulence factor of {{c1::Staphylococcus aureus}}
Published	06/01/2024	What is the mechanism and function of Protein A?{{c1::Binds Fc region of IgG, preventing opsonization and ultimately phagocytosis}}
Published	06/01/2024	S. aureus pneumonia most commonly occurs following {{c1::Influenza infection}} (post-{{c1::viral}})
Published	06/01/2024	The most common etiology of endocarditis from Staphylococcus aureus is {{c1::IV drug use (IVDU)}}
Published	06/01/2024	Which valve is most commonly affected with S. aureus endocarditis?{{c1::Tricuspid}}
Published	06/01/2024	Group B Strep (S. agalactiae) has a positive {{c1::CAMP}} test, meaning it enhances the zone of hemolysis when plated with S. aureus
Published	06/01/2024	What is the most common cause of meningitis in neonates?{{c1::Group B Strep (Streptococcus agalactiae)}}
Published	06/01/2024	Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) produces what neonatal respiratory complication?{{c1::Neonatal pneumonia}}
Published	06/01/2024	What age demographic is typically affected with Strep agalactiae (GBS)?{{c1::Neonates}}
Published	06/01/2024	Strep pneumoniae polysaccharide vaccine in adults produces an Ig{{c1::M}} response
Published	06/01/2024	Strep pneumoniae contains {{c1::IgA protease}}, allowing bacteria to adhere and colonize the mucous membranes
Published	06/01/2024	Strep pneumoniae shares the same virulence factor as {{c1::H. influenzae type b}} and {{c1::Neisseria}}
Published	06/01/2024	{{c2::VanA}} gene from vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus to S. aureus is an example of {{c1::transposition}}
Published	06/01/2024	What is the most common cause of osteomyelitis (90%)? {{c1::Staphylococcus aureus}}
Published	06/01/2024	Cellulitis is most often due to {{c1::S. aureus::purulent}} or {{c1::S. pyogenes::nonpurulent}} infection
Published	06/01/2024	{{c1::Ampicillin}} is an aminopenicillin that can cause pseudomembranous colitis
Published	06/01/2024	Clostridium perfringens is a spore-forming gram-positive bacilli that can be treated with which antibiotics? {{c1::Piperacillin-tazobactam + clin…
Published	06/01/2024	Bacillus anthracis makes three exotoxic proteins; {{c2::protective antigen (PA)}}, lethal factor (LF), and edema factor (EF)
Published	06/01/2024	{{c1::Alpha toxin::Which exotoxin}} degrades {{c2::phosphatidylcholine}} and {{c2::sphingomyelin}}, resulting in {{c3::myonecrosis (muscle breakdown)}…
Published	06/01/2024	Along with muscle breakdown, the exotoxin alpha toxin also results in decreased muscle {{c1::blood flow}}
Published	06/01/2024	Staphylococcus aureus is gram {{c1::positive}}
Published	06/01/2024	Staphylococcus aureus is catalase {{c1::positive}}
Published	06/01/2024	Staphylococcus aureus infection can cause {{c1::pneumonia::what respiratory pathology}} with {{c1::patchy}} infiltrate on CXR
Published	06/01/2024	{{c1::Staphylococcus aureus}} can secrete the exotoxin exfoliative toxin, destroying keratinocyte attachments in the stratum granulosum and resulting …
Published	06/01/2024	The enterotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus are {{c1::preformed}}, therefore they have a rapid-onset of action
Published	06/01/2024	Streptococcus pyogenes is also known as {{c1::group A strep (GAS)}}
Published	06/01/2024	Streptococcus pyogenes may present with "honeycomb-like" crusts on the skin known as {{c1::non-bullous}} {{c1::impetigo}}
Published	06/01/2024	Group {{c1::A}} Strep (Streptococcus {{c1::pyogenes}}) causes {{c2::pharyngitis}}, which may present with cervical lymphadenopathy
Published	06/01/2024	Streptococcus pyogenes contains the enzyme {{c1::hyaluronidase}}, which breaks down connective tissue, allowing for the spread of cellulitis
Published	06/01/2024	Systemic release of Streptococcus pyogenes erythrogenic exotoxins A, B, and C results in {{c1::scarlet}} fever
Published	06/01/2024	Spe{{c2::A}} and {{c2::C}} of Streptococcus pyogenes cause {{c1::toxic shock-like}} syndrome
Published	06/01/2024	SpeB of {{c2::Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS)}} is associated with {{c1::necrotizing fasciitis}}
Published	06/01/2024	{{c1::M protein}} is an anti-phagocytic virulence factor contained on {{c2::Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS)}} cell walls
Published	06/01/2024	M protein of Streptococcus pyogenes is similar in structure to {{c1::myosin}}
Published	06/01/2024	M protein of Streptococcus pyogenes can result in antigenic response to myosin in {{c1::cardiac}} muscle
Published	06/01/2024	{{c1::Rheumatic fever}} is caused by cross-reactivity between {{c2::Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS)::bug}} antigens (M protein) and self-antigens (via mo…
Published	06/01/2024	{{c2::Rheumatic fever}} is generally preceded by group A strep {{c1::pharyngitis}} and NOT GAS skin infections (impetigo)
Published	06/01/2024	Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) can ultimately result in rheumatic fever and {{c1::post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN)}}
Published	06/01/2024	Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis occurs {{c1::2-4 weeks::time range}} post GAS infection
Published	06/01/2024	Circulating {{c1::immune complex}} deposition causes glomerular damage and subsequent nephritic syndrome in post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Published	06/01/2024	{{c2::Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN)}} is generally preceded by group A strep pharyngitis and/or GAS skin infections (impetigo)
Published	06/01/2024	Early diagnosis and treatment of strep throat {{c1::cannot::can/cannot}} prevent post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN)
Published	06/01/2024	Early diagnosis and treatment of strep throat {{c1::can::can/cannot}} prevent rheumatic fever
Published	06/01/2024	Which virulence factors of Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) allow for lysis of RBC and WBCs?{{c1::Streptolysin O and streptolysin S::2}}
Published	06/01/2024	{{c1::Streptokinase}} is a virulence factor released from Group A Strep that converts plasminogen to {{c2::plasmin (a fibrinolytic)}}
Published	06/01/2024	{{c1::DNase-B}} is a virulence factor released by group A Strep that de-polymerizes DNA
Published	06/01/2024	S. pyogenes (GAS) is bacitracin {{c1::sensitive::sensitive or resistant}}
Published	06/01/2024	Elevated titers of {{c1::anti-streptolysin O (ASO)}} or {{c2::anti-DNase B}} antibodies are indicative of recent {{c3::group A Strep (S. pyogenes)}} i…
Published	06/01/2024	Group B Strep is known as {{c1::Streptococcus agalactiae}}
Published	06/01/2024	Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) is hippurate {{c1::positive::positive or negative}}
Published	06/01/2024	Is Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) encapsulated?{{c1::Yes (polysaccharide capsule)}}
Published	06/01/2024	{{c1::Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS)}} and {{c1::Listeria monocytogenes}} are CAMP test positive
Published	06/01/2024	Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) is bacitracin {{c1::resistant}}
Published	06/01/2024	Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) causes neonatal meningitis, {{c1::sepsis}}, and {{c2::pneumonia}}
Published	06/01/2024	Group B Strep (Streptococcus agalactiae) is part of the natural flora of the GI tract and {{c1::vagina}}
Published	06/01/2024	Which strain of Streptococcus can be passed to the baby via vaginal delivery?{{c1::GBS (Streptococcus agalactiae)}}
Published	06/01/2024	Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) is gram-{{c1::positive}}
Published	06/01/2024	Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) is catalase {{c1::negative}}
Published	06/01/2024	In alpha-hemolysis, there is a green hue due to the oxidation of {{c1::hemoglobin}}
Published	06/01/2024	Streptococcus {{c1::pneumoniae}} is optochin-{{c2::sensitive}}
Published	06/01/2024	{{c1::Streptococcus pneumoniae}} is a(n) {{c2::lancet}}-shaped {{c2::diplo}}coccus
Published	06/01/2024	Streptococcus pneumoniae is bile-{{c1::soluble}}
Published	06/01/2024	{{c1::Lobar}} pneumonia and "{{c1::rust}}"-colored sputum are indicative of {{c2::Streptococcus pneumoniae}}
Published	06/01/2024	Due to Streptococcus pneumoniae having a polysaccharide capsule virulence factor, patients who have {{c1::sickle cell}} disease or a{{c1::splenic}} pa…
Published	06/01/2024	Treatment of Streptococcus pneumoniae includes {{c2::ceftriaxone (3rd gen. cephalosporin)}} or {{c1::azithromycin (macrolides)}}
Published	06/01/2024	Is Streptococcus viridans encapsulated?{{c1::No}}
Published	06/01/2024	Streptococcus viridans is optochin-{{c1::resistant}}
Published	06/01/2024	Streptococcus viridans is bile-{{c1::insoluble}}
Published	06/01/2024	Which spp. of Streptococcus viridans causes subacute endocarditis?{{c1::Streptococcus sanguinis}}
Published	06/01/2024	Which spp. of Streptococcus viridans causes non-subacute endocarditis? {{c1::Streptococcus mitis}}
Published	06/01/2024	Enterococci spp. include {{c1::Enterococcus faecalis}} and {{c2::Enterococcus faecium}}
Published	06/01/2024	Enterococcus faecalis is {{c1::more::more/less}} common and {{c1::less::more or less}} likely to be resistant to vancomycin than Enterococcus faecium
Published	06/01/2024	Enterococcus faecium is {{c1::less::more/less}} common and {{c1::more::more or less}} likely to be resistant to vancomycin than Enterococcus faecalis
Published	06/01/2024	Enterococcus spp. are bile-{{c1::insoluble (AKA resistant)::soluble or insoluble}}
Published	06/01/2024	Enterococcus spp. can cause {{c3::UTIs}}, {{c2::subacute endocarditis}}, and {{c1::biliary tree}} infections
Published	06/01/2024	{{c1::Enterococci spp.}} are gram positive cocci that are a leading cause of nosocomial infections due to high antibiotic resistance (even vancomycin)
Published	06/01/2024	Enterococci spp. are {{c1::facultative}} anaerobes
Published	06/01/2024	Enterococci spp. are gram-{{c1::positive}}
Published	06/01/2024	Which cause of pharyngitis (EBV or GAS) is more commonly seen in children and adolescents?{{c1::Strep pyogenes (GAS)}}
Published	06/01/2024	C. difficile pseudomembranous colitis is classically linked to which protein synthesis inhibiting antibiotic?{{c1::Clindamycin}}
Published	06/01/2024	What type of anthrax presents with painless papules that progress to ulcers followed by necrotic, black eschars?{{c1::Cutaneous anthrax}}
Published	06/01/2024	Which bacteria has a protein capsule made with D-glutamate?{{c1::Bacillus anthracis}}
Published	06/01/2024	What is the oxygen dependency of Bacillus anthracis?{{c1::Obligate aerobe}}
Published	06/01/2024	{{c1::Edema factor}} is an exotoxin from Bacillus anthracis that mimics {{c2::adenylate cyclase}}, thereby {{c3::increasing}} {{c2::cAMP}} levels
Published	06/01/2024	Which Bacillus anthracis exotoxin is responsible for the black eschars seen in cutaneous anthrax?{{c1::Lethal factor}}
Published	06/01/2024	{{c1::Lethal factor}} is an exotoxin from Bacillus anthracis that cleaves {{c2::MAPK}}, resulting in tissue {{c3::necrosis}} and {{c4::black eschar}} …
Published	06/01/2024	What are the two exotoxins released by Bacillus anthracis?{{c1::Edema factor (EF) and lethal factor (LF)}}
Published	06/01/2024	{{c1::Woolsorter's}} disease is a type of {{c2::pulmonary}} anthrax due to the inhalation of spores from contaminated wool
Published	06/01/2024	{{c1::Pulmonary}} anthrax presents with flu-like symptoms that rapidly progress to fever, pulmonary {{c2::hemorrhage}}, mediastinitis, and shock
Published	06/01/2024	Pulmonary anthrax is due to inhalation of Bacillus anthracis {{c1::spores}}
Published	06/01/2024	What is a classic finding of pulmonary anthrax on CXR?{{c1::Widening of the mediastinum}}
Published	06/01/2024	What class of drugs is first-line in the treatment of Bacillus anthracis?{{c1::Fluoroquinolones}}
Published	06/01/2024	What drug is second-line in the treatment of Bacillus anthracis?{{c1::Doxycycline}}
Published	06/01/2024	What bacterial spores can get into wool and animal hide, thus predisposing workers to infection?{{c1::Bacillus anthracis}}
Published	06/01/2024	Colonies of {{c1::Bacillus anthracis}} show a halo of projections, sometimes referred to as "medusa head" appearance
Published	06/01/2024	All Clostridia are gram-{{c1::positive::+/-}} {{c1::bacilli::shape}}, {{c2::spore}}-forming, obligate {{c3::anaerobes}}
Published	06/01/2024	Clostridioides difficile is a nosocomial infection that commonly follows {{c1::antibiotic (e.g. ampicillin, clindamycin)}} use
Published	06/01/2024	What two exotoxins are produced by Clostridioides difficile?{{c1::Toxin A (enterotoxin) and Toxin B (cytotoxin)}}
Published	06/01/2024	Which exotoxin of Clostridioides difficile is a brush border toxin that causes watery diarrhea?{{c1::Toxin A (enterotoxin)}}
Published	06/01/2024	Which Clostridioides difficile exotoxin results in depolymerization of actin leading to enterocyte death and necrosis?{{c1::Toxin B (cytotoxin)}}
Published	06/01/2024	Toxin B from Clostridioides difficile causes {{c1::actin depolymerization}} (cytoskeleton disruption), thereby causing pseudomembranous colitis and di…
Published	06/01/2024	What type of diarrhea is caused by Clostridioides difficile?{{c1::Watery}}
Published	06/01/2024	Which bacteria is associated with traumatic open wound infection?{{c1::Clostridium perfringens}}
Published	06/01/2024	Which bacteria is associated with military combat wounds and motorcycle accidents?{{c1::Clostridium perfringens}}
Published	06/01/2024	Spores of Clostridium perfringens are commonly found in {{c1::soil}}
Published	06/01/2024	Clostridium perfringens can result in {{c1::crepitus}} upon palpation of the infected area of skin
Published	06/01/2024	Clostridium perfringens produces a(n) {{c1::alpha toxin}} that functions as a(n) {{c2::phospholipase (lecithinase)}}
Published	06/01/2024	The alpha toxin of {{c2::Clostridium perfringens}} breaks down phospholipids, resulting in myonecrosis ("{{c1::gas gangrene}}")
Published	06/01/2024	Clostridium perfringens breaks down phospholipids, resulting in a(n) {{c1::double zone of hemolysis}} on blood agar
Published	06/01/2024	What food source is associated with Clostridium perfringens food poisoning?{{c1::Reheated meat dishes}}
Published	06/01/2024	{{c1::Clostridium perfringens}} is an anaerobic spore former that can produce a double zone of hemolysis
Published	06/01/2024	What type of diarrhea is caused by Clostridium perfringens?{{c1::Watery}}
Published	06/01/2024	Which bacteria can produce slow-onset diarrhea via spore ingestion?{{c1::Clostridium perfringens}}
Published	06/01/2024	Clostridium perfringens' spores produce heat-{{c1::labile}} enterotoxin
Published	06/01/2024	Which bacteria is commonly described as club-shaped in a V or Y formation?{{c1::Corynebacterium diphtheriae}}
Published	06/01/2024	Diphtheria toxin causes {{c1::ADP-ribosylation}} of {{c2::EF-2 (elongation factor-2)}}, thus inhibiting protein synthesis
Published	06/01/2024	Which toxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae inhibits protein synthesis?{{c1::Diphtheria toxin}}
Published	06/01/2024	{{c2::Corynebacterium diphtheriae}} will produce a(n) {{c1::gray-white::color}} pseudomembrane on the posterior pharynx and upper airways
Published	06/01/2024	Corynebacterium diphtheriae is transmitted via {{c1::respiratory droplets}}
Published	06/01/2024	Which bacteria produces a characteristic "bull's neck" due to lymphadenopathy?{{c1::Corynebacterium diphtheriae}}
Published	06/01/2024	Which gram-positive rod produces an exotoxin that ADP-ribosylates EF-2?{{c1::Corynebacterium diphtheriae}}
Published	06/01/2024	Cardiac symptoms of Corynebacterium diphtheriae infection include {{c1::myocarditis}}, {{c2::arrhythmia}}, and heart block
Published	06/01/2024	Corynebacterium diphtheriae can cause {{c2::demyelination}}, producing nerve deficits in the posterior oropharynx
Published	06/01/2024	Listeria monocytogenes is {{c1::β}}-hemolytic
Published	06/01/2024	Listeria monocytogenes is a gram {{c1::positive}} {{c2::rod}} that is a(n) {{c1::facultative}} anaerobe
Published	06/01/2024	Which bacteria has a characteristic "tumbling motility" extracellularly?{{c1::Listeria monocytogenes}}
Published	06/01/2024	Listeria monocytogenes is {{c1::facultative intra}}cellular
Published	06/01/2024	Listeria monocytogenes forms "rocket tails" via {{c1::actin polymerization}} for {{c2::intra}}cellular and {{c2::trans}}cellular movement
Published	06/01/2024	Which gram positive rod grows well at refrigeration temperatures (4-10 °C; “cold enrichment”)?{{c1::Listeria monocytogenes}}
Published	06/01/2024	{{c3::Listeria monocytogenes}} commonly contaminates {{c1::unpasteurized dairy products (e.g. milk, cheese)}} and {{c2::cold deli meats}}
Published	06/01/2024	Which demographic is at an increased risk of Listeria monocytogenes infection?{{c1::Pregnant patients}}
Published	06/01/2024	What is the treatment of Listeria monocytogenes?{{c1::Ampicillin}}
Published	06/01/2024	How does listeriosis (Listeria monocytogenes) commonly present in immunocompetent individuals?{{c1::Mild gastroenteritis}}
Published	06/01/2024	What is the best test for Clostridioides difficile diarrhea?{{c1::NAAT}}
Published	06/01/2024	What is the likely diagnosis of a child that presents with painful erythema, fever, and superficial flaccid bullae with a positive Nikolsky sign?…
Published	06/01/2024	What are the leading causes of lymphangitis?{{c1::Streptococcus pyogenesMSSA::2}}
Published	06/01/2024	Enzyme immunoassay for {{c1::glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH)}} antigen is one of the screening tests for C. difficile infection
Published	06/01/2024	Some strains of Staphylococcus aureus express {{c1::Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)}}, a cytotoxic protease that causes leukocyte dea…
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